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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cranialbones
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•Enclosethe brain in the cranial cavity•Cranialvault (calvaria)
•Cranialbase: anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae •Providesites of attachment for head and neck muscles |
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Facialbones
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•Frameworkof face
•Cavitiesfor special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell •Openingsfor air and food passage •Stiesof attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression |
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Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
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•Superiorand lateral aspects of cranial vault
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•Foursutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, andtemporal bones:
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1.Coronal suture—between parietal bones andfrontal bone
2.Sagittal suture—between right and leftparietal bones 3.Lambdoid suture—between parietal bonesand occipital bone 4.Squamous (squamosal) sutures—betweenparietal and temporal bones on each side of skull |
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Occipital Bone
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•Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa
•Articulates with 1st vertebra •Sites of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles a |
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Temporal Bones
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•Inferolateralaspects of skull and parts of cranial floor
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Fourmajor regions
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•Squamous
•Tympanic •Mastoid •Petrous |
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Threepairs of processes
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•Greaterwings
•Lesserwings •Pterygoidprocesses |
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Ethmoid Bone
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•Deepestskull bone
•Superiorpart of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities •Contributesto medial wall of orbits |
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Sutural Bones
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•Tinyirregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures
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Mandible
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•Lowerjaw
•Largest,strongest bone of face•Temporomandibularjoint: only freely movable joint in skull |
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Maxillary Bones
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•Mediallyfused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton
•Keystonebones •Articulatewith all other facial bones except mandible |
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Zygomatic Bones
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•Cheekbones
•Inferolateralmargins of orbits |
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Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones
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•Nasal bones
•Form bridge of nose •Lacrimal bones •In medial walls of orbits •Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac |
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Palatinebones
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•Posteriorone-third of hard palate•Posterolateralwalls of the nasal cavity
•Smallpart of the orbits |
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Vomer
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•Plowshaped
•Lowerpart of nasal septum |
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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Formpart of lateral walls of nasal cavity
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Hyoid Bone
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•Nota bone of the skull
•Doesnot articulate directly with another bone•Siteof attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech |
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Increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine
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•Two posteriorly concavecurvatures
•Cervical and lumbar •Two posteriorly convex curvatures •Thoracic and sacral |
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Ligaments
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•Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments •From neck to sacrum
•Ligamentum flavum •Connects adjacent vertebrae •Short ligaments •Connect each vertebra to those above and below |
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•Cushion likepad composed of two parts
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1.Nucleus pulposus
•Inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility 2.Anulus fibrosus •Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage Server |
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Sevenprocesses per vertebra
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•Spinous process—projects posteriorly •Transverse processes (2)—project laterally •Superior articular processes (2)—protrude superiorly inferiorly
•Inferior articular processes (2)—protrude inferiorly |
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Cervical Vertebrae
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•C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
•C3 to C7 sharethe following features •Ovalbody •Spinousprocesses are bifid (except C7) •Large,triangular vertebral foramen •Transverseforamen in each transverse process |
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C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features
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•Atlas (C1) •No body or spinous process •Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses •Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles
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Cervical Vertebrae
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•Axis (C2)
•Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas •Dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas |
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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•T1 to T12
•All articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets •Long spinous process •Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine |
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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•L1 to L5
•Short, thick pedicles and laminae •Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes •Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together so as to prevent rotation |
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•Sacrum
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•5fused vertebrae (S1–S5)
•Formsposterior wall of pelvis •Articulateswith L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfacesof the hip bones laterally |
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•Coccyx
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•Tailbone
•3–5fused vertebrae •Articulatessuperiorly with sacrum |
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•Composedof
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•Thoracicvertebrae
•Sternum •Ribs and their costal cartilages |
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•Functions
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•Protectsvital organs of thoracic cavity•Supportsshoulder girdle and upper limbs•Providesattachment sites for many muscles, including intercostal muscles used duringbreathing
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•Threefused bones
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•Manubrium
•Articulateswith clavicles and ribs 1 and 2 |
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•Body
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•Articulateswith costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7
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•Xiphoidprocess
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•Siteof muscle attachment
•Notossified until ~ age 40 |
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Ribs and Their Attachments
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•12pairs
•Allattach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae•Pairs1 through 7 •True(vertebrosternal)ribs •Attachdirectly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages |
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Ribs and Their Attachments
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•False ribs
•Pairs 8–10 also called vertebro chondral ribs •Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above •Pairs 11–12 also called vertebral (floating) ribs •No attachment to sternum |
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The Upper Limb
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•30bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb
•Arm •Humerus •Forearm •Radiusand ulna •Hand •8carpal bones in the wrist •5metacarpal bones in the palm •14phalanges in the fingers |
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Humerus
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•Largest,longest bone of upper limb
•Articulatessuperiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula •Articulatesinferiorly with radius and ulna |
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•Ulna
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•Medialbone in forearm
•Formsthe major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus |
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•Radius
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•Lateralbone in forearm
•Headarticulates with capitulum ofhumerusand with radial notch of ulna •Interosseousmembrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length |
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•Carriesthe weight of the body
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•Subjectedto exceptional forces
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•Threesegments of the lower limb
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•Thigh:femur
•Leg:tibia and fibula •Foot:7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14phalanges in the toes |
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Femur
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•Largestand strongest bone in the body•Articulatesproximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia andpatella
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•Tibia
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•Medialleg bone
•Receivesthe weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the footinstalled |
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•Fibula
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•Notweight bearing; no articulation with femur
•Siteof muscle attachment •Connectedto tibia by interosseous membrane•Articulateswith tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints |
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Foot: Tarsals
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•Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot
•Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus •Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms |
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•Metatarsals:
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•Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) •Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot
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•Phalanges
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•The14 bones of the toes
•Eachdigit (except the hallux) has three phalanges •Halluxhas no middle phalanx |
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•Archesare maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons
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•Archesallow the foot to bear weight
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•Threearches
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•Laterallongitudinal
•Mediallongitudinal •Transverse |
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•Infantskull has more bones than the adult skull
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•Skullbones such as the mandible and frontal bones are unfused
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•Atbirth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles
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•Fontanelles
•Unossifiedremnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones •Fourfontanelles •Anterior,posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid |
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•Thoracicand sacral curvatures are obvious at birth |
•Theseprimary curvatures give the spine a C shape •Convexposteriorly |
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•Secondarycurvatures |
•Cervicaland lumbar—convex anteriorly •Appearas child develops (e.g., lifts head, learns to walk) |
