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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeletal Cartilages
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•Contain no blood vessels or nerves
•Dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage |
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1.Hyaline cartilages |
•Provide support, flexibility, and resilience •Most abundant type |
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2.Elastic cartilages |
•Similarto hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers |
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3.Fibrocartilages |
•Collagen fibers—have great tensile strength
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•Appositional |
•Cellssecrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
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•Interstitial |
•Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within |
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•Calcification of cartilage occurs during |
•Normal bone growth •Old age |
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•Long bones |
•Longer than they are wide |
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•Shortbones |
•Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) •Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella) |
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•Flatbones |
•Thin,flat, slightly curved |
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•Irregularbones |
•Complicatedshapes |
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•Support |
•Forthe body and soft organs
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•Protection |
•Forbrain, spinal cord, and vital organs
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•Movement |
•Levers for muscle action
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•Storage |
•Minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors
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Blood cell formation
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•in marrow cavities
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Triglyceride (energy)
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storage in bone cavities
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•Compact bone |
•Dense outer layer
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•Spongy (cancellous) bone |
•Honey comb of trabeculae
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•Diaphysis(shaft) |
•Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity •Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow) |
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•Epiphyses |
•Expandedends •Spongy bone interior •Epiphysealline (remnant of growth plate) •Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces |
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•Periosteum
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•Outerfibrous layer •Innerosteogenic layer •Osteoblasts(bone-forming cells) •Osteoclasts(bone-destroying cells) •Osteogeniccells (stem cells) •Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone vianutrient foramina •Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers |
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•Endosteum |
•Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone •Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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•Redmarrow cavities of adults |
1.Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
2.Trabecular cavities of the diploë (spongy bone) of flat bones |
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•Redmarrow of newborn infants |
•Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone
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1.Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells |
•Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts |
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1.Osteoblasts |
•Bone-forming cells |
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1.Osteocytes |
•Mature bone cells |
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1.Osteoclasts |
•Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix |
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Haversian system, or osteon—structural
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•Lamellae
•Weight-bearing •Column-like matrix tubes |
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•Central(Haversian) canal |
•Contains blood vessels and nerves
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•Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals |
•At right angles to the central canal
•Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal |
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Lacunae
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•small cavities that contain osteocytes
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Canaliculi
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•hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
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•Trabeculae |
•Alignalong lines of stress •Noosteons •Containirregularlyarranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi •Capillariesin endosteum supply nutrients |
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1.Intramembranous ossification |
•Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane •Forms flat bones,e.g. clavicles and cranial bones |
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2.Endochondral ossification |
•Cartilage(endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
•Forms most of the rest of the skeleton |
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Interstitial growth
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• length of long bones |
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Appositional growth
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•thicknessand remodeling ofall bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces |
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•Osteoclastssecrete |
•Lysosomalenzymes (digest organic matrix) •Acids(convert calcium salts into soluble forms) |
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Position of bone ends after fracture
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•Nondisplaced—endsretain normal position•Displaced—endsout of normal alignment
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2.Completenessof the break |
•Complete—brokenall the way through•Incomplete—notbroken all the way through
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Orientation of the break to the long axisof the bone
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•Linear—parallelto long axis of the bone •Transverse—perpendicularto long axis of the bone |
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Whether or not the bone ends penetratethe skin
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•Compound(open)—bone ends penetrate the skin•Simple(closed)—bone ends do not penetrate the skin
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1.Hematomaforms |
Tornblood vessels hemorrhage•Clot(hematoma) forms •Sitebecomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
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•Osteomalaciaand rickets |
•Calciumsalts not deposited•Rickets(childhood disease) causes bowed legs and other bone deformities•Cause:vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
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