Bio 220 Endocrine

Front 1

Chemical signal molecules which act on the same cells from which signals are secreted are which class of messenger?

Back 1

Autocrine

Front 2

Chemical mediators of imflammation are typically what type of messenger?

Back 2

paracrines

Front 3

Chemical signal molecules which act on nearby, but different cells are what class of messenger?

Back 3

Paracrines

Front 4

The chemical classes of hormones are amino acid based, polypeptides, proteins, and _______?

Back 4

steroids

Front 5

Catecholamines and thyroid hormones belong to what chemical class?

Back 5

Amino Acid

Front 6

Steroids are derived from what steroid based molecule?

Back 6

Cholesterol

Front 7

In the cell membrane adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the second messenger activates the enzyme _______?

Back 7

protein kinase

Front 8

In the cell membrane adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, cyclic AMP activates the emzyme _______?

Back 8

protein kinase

Front 9

In the cell membrane adenylyl cyclic AMP system, the second messenger is ______

Back 9

cAMP

Front 10

In the cell membrane adenylyl cyclase-cyclic
AMP system, the activated G protein activates the enzyme ______`

Back 10

Adenylate cyclase

Front 11

What pituitary gland hormones bind to GPCRs that operate through the cell membrane adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system?

Back 11

TSH, ATCH, FSH, LH

Front 12

What pituitary gland hormones bind to GPCRs that operate through the cell membrane phospholipase C-IP3/DAG system?

Back 12

ADH (Vasopresin) & Oxytocin

Front 13

In the cell membrane phospholipase C-IP3/DAG system, what enzyme converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG?

Back 13

Phospholipase C

Front 14

What second messenger of the phospholipase C-IP3/DAG system opens CA++ channels of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 14

IP3

Front 15

What second messenger of the phospholipase C-IP3/DAG system activates protein kinase C?

Back 15

DAG

Front 16

In the phospholipase C-IP3/DAG system what enzyme is activated by the activated G protein?

Back 16

Phospholipase C

Front 17

Do second messengers of GPCRs act on ion channels?

Back 17

yes

Front 18

Target cell responses to chemical messengers depend upon what 3 factors?

Back 18

1. Hormone concentration
2. Receptor concentration
3. Binding Affinity

Front 19

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and therefore typically bind to receptors located where in the cell?

Back 19

cytoplasm and nucleus

Front 20

Which type of hormones have the longer half-life; water soluble or lipid soluble?

Back 20

Lipid soluble

Front 21

A hormone that is initially synthesized in an inactive state, but activated prior to secretion is termed a ___________.

Back 21

prohormone

Front 22

How are lipid soluble hormones transported in the blood?

Back 22

bound to a protein carrier

Front 23

What method of secretion is used for the secretion of steroid hormones?

Back 23

simple diffusion

Front 24

What method of secretion is used for the secretion of protein hormones?

Back 24

exocytosis

Front 25

What method of secretion is used for the secretion of thyroid hormones?

Back 25

simple diffusion

Front 26

A hormone that is initially synthesized in an inactive state, but activated by the target tissue is termed a __________.

Back 26

Prehormone

Front 27

Hormone release is generally controlled by three possible mechanisms, neural stimulation, humoral stimulation and ________ stimulation.

Back 27

Hormonal

Front 28

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by TSH secreted by the pituitary gland. Which of the above (neural, humoral or hormonal) control mechanisms is involved?

Back 28

hormonal

Front 29

The secretion of insulin by the endocrine pancreas is, in part, controlled by autonomic nervous system innervation. Which control mechanisms (neural, humoral or hormonal) is involved?

Back 29

neural

Front 30

The secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands is controlled by the blood (Ca++). Which control mechanism (neural, humoral or hormonal) is involved?

Back 30

humoral

Front 31

What is the receptor basis for permissive actions of hormones?

Back 31

must have 1 hormone available before 2nd hormone can act (up regulation)

Front 32

What is the receptor basis for antagonistic actions of hormones?

Back 32

one hormone inhibits the action of another hormone (down regulation)

Front 33

The hormone interaction in which the response to multiple hormones acting together is greater than the sum of the actions of the hormones acting independently is termed _____.

Back 33

synergism

Front 34

What two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 34

oxytocin and ADH (vasopresin)

Front 35

What hypothalamic nucleui synthesize these neurohormones?

Back 35

supraoptic and paraventricular

Front 36

What are the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 36

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin

Front 37

The pituitary gland lobe which synthesizes and secretes tropic hormones.

Back 37

Anterior lobe

Front 38

The pituitary gland lobe which secretes the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) is...

Back 38

posterior lobe

Front 39

Part of the posterior lobe which is described as a thin stalk which attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Back 39

infundibulum

Front 40

The part of the hypothalamus which houses the primary capillary plexus

Back 40

median eminence

Front 41

What cell type of the anterior lobe secretes growth hormone (GH)?

Back 41

somatotropes

Front 42

What cell type of the anterior lobe secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Back 42

thyrotropes

Front 43

What cell type of the anterior lobe secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Back 43

corticotropes

Front 44

What cell type of the anterior lobe secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

Back 44

Folliculatropes

Front 45

What cell type of the anterior lobe secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

Back 45

Luteinatropes

Front 46

What cell type of the anterior lobe secretes Prolactin (PRL)?

Back 46

Lactotropes

Front 47

The modified neurons of hypothalamic nuclei which synthesize and secrete neurohormones are termed ____ cells?

Back 47

neurosensory

Front 48

What is the name given to the portal system which carries releasing and inhibiting neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Back 48

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 49

Where is the secondary capillary plexus located?

Back 49

Anterior Lobe

Front 50

Hormones act by binding to receptors at the cells of target tissues. Prolonged exposure of the target tissue to a hormone may reduce the # of receptors. This process is termed _____ _____.

Back 50

Down regulation

Front 51

Thyroid hormones bind to receptors where in the cell (in the nucleus, bound to the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm of the cell)?

Back 51

in the nucleus

Front 52

Polypeptide and protein hormones bind to receptors where in the cell (in the nucleus, bound to the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm of the cell)?

Back 52

bound to the cell membrane

Front 53

Steriod hormones may bind to receptors where in the cell (in the nucleus, bound to the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm of the cell)?

Back 53

in the nucleus OR in the cytoplasm

Front 54

What type of feedback is described as inhibition of tropic hormone secretion, by the target tissue hormone, acting either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland?

Back 54

Long Loop

Front 55

What type of feedback is described as the pituitary gland tropic hormone acts back on the pituitary gland to inhibit secretion of the tropic hormone originally secreted?

Back 55

Auto Loop

Front 56

What type of feedback is described as inhibition of secretion of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones by pituitary gland tropic hormones?

Back 56

Short Loop

Front 57

What effect would hypoglycemia have on GH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 57

Increased secretion of GH

Front 58

What effect would hyperglycemia have on GH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 58

Decreased secretion of GH

Front 59

What effect would hypolipidemia have on GH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 59

Increased secretion of GH

Front 60

What effect would hyperglycemia have on GH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 60

Decreased secretion of GH

Front 61

What effect would elevated plasma (amino acid) have on GH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 61

Increased secretion of GH

Front 62

What effect would elevated plasma (Somatomedins) have on GH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 62

Decreased secretion of GH

Front 63

What effect does GH have on rate of cell division in cell tissues?

Back 63

Increased size of cell/ Increased cell division

Front 64

What effect does GH have on Liver glycogenolysis?

Back 64

Increased liver glycogen

Front 65

What effect does GH have on skeletal muscle uptake of glucose?

Back 65

Decreased