Bio 212

Front 1

In a RELAXED muscle the ACTIN BINDING SITES are COVERED BY:

Back 1

Tropomyosin, which is attached to another PROTEIN - TROPININ

Front 2

CONTROLS THE POSITION of TROPOMYOSIN:

Back 2

Troponin

Front 3

SARCOPLASMIC RECTICULUM is full of:

Back 3

Calcium

Front 4

WHERE IS CALIUM in a RELAXED muscle?

Back 4

Sarcoplasmic Recticulum

Front 5

Sarcomeres are what LENGTH in a RELAXED muscle?

Back 5

Full

Front 6

I bands and H zones are at what WIDTH in a RELAXED muscle?

Back 6

Maximum

Front 7

What is RELEASED from the SR when nerve impulses INITIATE A CONTRACTION?

Back 7

Calcium

Front 8

Where does CALCIUM from the SR flood into?

Back 8

the Sarcoplasm

Front 9

BINDS the TROPONIN

Back 9

which CAUSES it TO CHANGE its SHAPE:, Calcium

Front 10

A contraction WILL CONTINUE as long as this is in the SARCOPLASM?

Back 10

Calcium

Front 11

This phenomenon means that CONTRACTIONS CAN OVERLAP & ALLOW the muscle cell TO MAINTAIN the CONTRACTED STATE:

Back 11

Tetanus

Front 12

The muscle quickly RELAXES when the nerve impulses CEASE. Then WHAT returns to WHERE by WHAT PUMPS?

Back 12

Calcium returns to SR by Calcium Pumps

Front 13

When CALCIUM LEAVES the sarcoplasm it DISSOCIATES from:

Back 13

Troponin

Front 14

As the calcium leaves the sarcoplasm it dissociates from troponin. This allows troponin to RETURN to its RELAXED shape as well as leaving this to COVER the ACTIN BINDING SITES again:

Back 14

Tropomyosin

Front 15

COVERS the ACTIN BINDING SITES:

Back 15

Tropomyosin

Front 16

CONTRACTION that continues WITHOUT nerve stimulation:

Back 16

Contracture

Front 17

Abundant OUTSIDE cell AT REST:

Back 17

Sodium Ions

Front 18

Abundant INSIDE cell AT REST:

Back 18

Potassium Ions

Front 19

There are more of these ions OUTSIDE the cell than these other ions INSIDE the cell:

Back 19

Sodiums; Potassium

Front 20

The RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL:

Back 20

-70 mv

Front 21

The PLASMA MEMBRANE is POLARIZED with the INSIDE relatively WHAT COMPARED to the OUTSIDE?

Back 21

Negative

Front 22

EXCITABLE PLASMA MEMBRANES of neurons and muscle cells HAVE these SPECIAL TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS:

Back 22

Channels

Front 23

List the CLOSED CHANNELS when the cell is AT REST:

Back 23

ALL OF THEM (NA+; K+; & CA2+) although THERE IS SOME LEAKAGE of K+

Front 24

The FIRST CHANNELS OPEN that cause the cell to DEPOLARIZE:

Back 24

Sodium channels

Front 25

The CHANNELS that OPEN to cause REPOLARIZATION of the cell:

Back 25

Potassium Channels

Front 26

Depolarization FOLLOWED BY repolarization:

Back 26

Action potential

Front 27

RESTING membrane CONCENTRATIONS are RESTORED by:

Back 27

Na+/K+ pump

Front 28

The TIME REQUIRED for the cell to REPOLARIZE:

Back 28

the Refractory Period

Front 29

When NEW ACTION potentials CANNOT BE TRIGGERED:

Back 29

Refractory Period (Time it takes the membrane to Repolarize)

Front 30

Sodium & Potassium channels ARE SENSITIVE to the ELECTRICAL CHARGE of the CYTOPLASM which means they're:

Back 30

Voltage Regulated

Front 31

The link between ACTION POTENTIALS (nerve impulses) & muscle CELL CONTRACTION is the entry of:

Back 31

Sodium Ions

Front 32

The NEURON uses chemicals to TRANSMIT A MESSAGE to another cell making it what TYPE of cell?

Back 32

Presynaptic

Front 33

RECIEVER of a message is what TYPE of cell?

Back 33

Postsynaptic

Front 34

Chemical(s) STORED IN SYNAPTIC VESICLES:

Back 34

Neurotransmitter.

Front 35

Neurotransmitters are stored:

Back 35

In the AXON TERMINAL in SYNAPTIC VESICLES

Front 36

The neurotransmitter that STIMULATES SKELETAL MUSCLE:

Back 36

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 37

What KIND OF IMPULSE will move DOWN the MOTOR NEURON to the SYNAPSE to START a CONTRACTION?

Back 37

a Nerve Impulse

Front 38

WHAT CHANNELS will OPEN in the neuron’s membrane when the nerve IMPULSE REACHES the AXON TERMINAL at the SYNAPSE?

Back 38

Calcium

Front 39

The ENTRY of this INTO the CYTOPLASM of the neuron TRIGGERS WHAT of vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter that is in effect released into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT?

Back 39

ENRTRY OF - Calcium; TRIGGERS - Exocytosis

Front 40

For a neurotransmitter to work

Back 40

the POSTYNAPTIC cell MUST HAVE the CORRECT WHAT for the neurotransmitter on its membrane?, Receptor

Front 41

A transmembrane protein:

Back 41

Receptor

Front 42

A CONTRACTION CONTINUES as long as THIS is present to BIND TO ITS RECEPTOR (looking for the neurotransmitter in this case):

Back 42

ACh

Front 43

Rapidly DESTROYS ACh:

Back 43

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Front 44

CNS is made up of:

Back 44

Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 45

PNS is made up of:

Back 45

Cranial & Spinal Nerves

Front 46

Responsible for PROCESSING information:

Back 46

CNS

Front 47

Responsible for RELAYING information to and away from the CNS:

Back 47

PNS

Front 48

T/F: The PNS includes all of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 48

TRUE

Front 49

The TWO TYPES of cells in the nervous system:

Back 49

Neurons & Neuroglia

Front 50

TRANSMIT & PROCESS information:

Back 50

Neurons

Front 51

SUPPORT & MAINTAIN the nervous system:

Back 51

Neuroglia

Front 52

CARRY INFO TO the CNS:

Back 52

Afferent or Sensory Neurons

Front 53

CARRY IMPULSES AWAY from the CNS:

Back 53

Efferent or Motor Neurons

Front 54

Information is ANALYZED & PROCESSED by these in the CNS:

Back 54

Associative or Interneurons

Front 55

Pathway for regulation:

Back 55

Stimulus  Receptor  Sensory Nerve (PNS)  Brain or Spinal Cord (CNS)  Motor Nerve (PNS)  Muscle or Gland (Effectors)

Front 56

Cells that CAN DIVIDE & account for about 80% of cells in the nervous system:

Back 56

Neuroglia

Front 57

List functions of NEUROGLIA:

Back 57

1.Protecting nervous tissue (some are macrophages) 2.Binding nervous organs together & 3. Improving (speeding up) signal transmission.

Front 58

The TWO NEUROGLIA that are APART OF the PNS:

Back 58

1.Schwann cells 2.Satellite cells

Front 59

Neuroglia that FORM MYELIN SHEATHS in the CNS:

Back 59

Oligodendrites

Front 60

Neuroglia that are MACROPHAGES & PROTECT the CNS:

Back 60

Microglia

Front 61

Neuroglia that LINE the VENTRICLES in the CNS and help CIRCULATE the CSF by WAVING their CILIA:

Back 61

Ependymal Cells

Front 62

Cells capable of DEDIFFERENTIATING BACK to STEM CELLS:

Back 62

Ependymal cells

Front 63

Neuroglia found in the CHOROID PLEXUS in CNS that FILTER INTERSTITIAL FLUID to PRODUCE cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) & SECRETE it INTO the VENTRICLES:

Back 63

Choroidal cells

Front 64

The MOST NUMEROUS neuroglia (90%):

Back 64

Astrocytes

Front 65

Neuroglia that help FORM the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER:

Back 65

Astrocytes

Front 66

Neuroglia that help CONTROL POTASSIUM LEVELS & help in NEUROTRANSMITTER TURNOVER:

Back 66

Astroycytes

Front 67

T/F: Neurons are generally mitotic.

Back 67

FALSE - they are AMITOTIC

Front 68

The part of the plasma membrane that COVERS the AXON:

Back 68

Axolemma

Front 69

List the THREE AREAS ALL NEURONAL CELLS have:

Back 69

1. Cell body 2. Dendrites & 3. Axons

Front 70

CONTAINS the NUCLEUS but NO CENTRIOLES:

Back 70

Cell Body

Front 71

CARRIES out MOST of the cell METABOLISM:

Back 71

Cell Body

Front 72

Transport to & from the AXON:

Back 72

Axoplasmic Transport

Front 73

SUMS UP all ELECTRICAL SIGNALS coming FROM the DENDRITES:

Back 73

Cell Body

Front 74

SUMMATION occurs at this SLIGHTLY SWOLLEN AREA:

Back 74

Axon Hillock

Front 75

Areas with many cell bodies appear gray and make up which TYPE of MATTER of the CNS?

Back 75

Gray Matter

Front 76

CLUSTERS of CELL BODIES IN the CNS:

Back 76

Nuclei

Front 77

CLUSTERS of CELL BODIES OUTSIDE the CNS:

Back 77

Ganglia

Front 78

COMPONENTS of the neuron CYTOSKELETON:

Back 78

Neurofibrils

Front 79

Filled with SECRETORY PROTEINS

Back 79

like neurotransmitters:, Nissl Bodies

Front 80

Commonly RECIEVE STIMULI or nerve IMPULSES from another cell:

Back 80

Dendrites

Front 81

Transmit to the CELL BODY:

Back 81

Dendrites

Front 82

Modified for DELIVERY of neurotransmitters and are at the DISTAL END of the what?

Back 82

Axonal Terminals are modified for delivery & found at the end of Axons

Front 83

The ENDS of MOTOR AXONS

Back 83

modified FOR the DELIVERY of neurotransmitter TO EFFECTORS:, Motor Endings

Front 84

Axons CAN be:

Back 84

Myelinated or Unmyelinated

Front 85

Masses of MYELINATED AXONS:

Back 85

White Matter

Front 86

GROUPINGS of CELL BODIES and UNMYELINATED AXONS:

Back 86

Gray Matter

Front 87

List FOUR NEURON characterisitics:

Back 87

1. Initiate & Conduct Electrical Impulses 2. Extreme Longevity 3. Amitotic 4. High Metabolic Rate.

Front 88

The LACK of O2:

Back 88

Ischemia

Front 89

A cell that CARRIES an action potential to the SYNAPSE:

Back 89

Presynaptic Cell

Front 90

The second neuron that will receive the signal:

Back 90

Postsynaptic Cell

Front 91

Some NEUROTRANSMITTERS CAN actually MAKE the MEMBRANE POTENTIAL more NEGATIVE B/C the RECEPTORS CAN OPEN:

Back 91

Chloride or Potassium channels DURING Hyperpolarization at the SYNAPSE (either let K+ out or let Cl- in)

Front 92

Neurons & neurotransmitters THAT HYPERPOLARIZE the POSTSYNAPTIC CELL:

Back 92

Inhibitory Neurons & Neurotransmitters

Front 93

The NERVOUS SYSTEM forms FROM the WHAT OF the EMBRYO?

Back 93

the Ectoderm

Front 94

The CNS forms from:

Back 94

Neural Tube

Front 95

The LUMEN of the tube BECOMES the:

Back 95

Ventricles (Brain) & Central Canal (Spinal Cord)

Front 96

The NEURAL CREST BECOMES the:

Back 96

PNS & many other cell types in the body.

Front 97

IMMATURE CELLS that are CAPABLE of DIVIDING & MIGRATING UNTIL they migrate to their FINAL LOCATION & DIFFERENTIATE into neurons:

Back 97

Neuroblasts

Front 98

Neuroblasts that FAIL TO MATURE & BECOME MALIGNANT TUMORS:

Back 98

Neuroblastomas (USUALLY in the PNS)

Front 99

The Nerve Growth Factor that helps DOPAMINE-PRODUCING neurons DURING BRAIN FORMATION & is being STUDIED AS A TREATMENT for Parkinson's Disease:

Back 99

GDNF