Bio 203 Lecture 18

Front 1

name 10 neurotransmitters

Back 1

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
glutamic acid
GABA
endorphins
dynorphin
enkephalin
substance P

Front 2

neurotransmitter used @ neuromuscular junction; terminated by cholinesterase

Back 2

acetylcholine

Front 3

how do curare and a-bungarotoxin work?

Back 3

paralyze skeletal muscles by competing w/ acetylcholine for binding its receptors

Front 4

what is myasthenia gravis?

Back 4

autoimmune disorder, where patient develops antibodies against their own acetylcholine receptors, preventing synaptic transmission

Front 5

how does botulinum toxin (botox) work?

Back 5

blocks release of acetylcholine by preventing synaptic vesicles from fusing w/ plasma membrane; causes paralysis

Front 6

how does tetanus toxin work?

Back 6

prevents release of GABA

Front 7

biogenic amines

Back 7

norepinephrine & dopamine; serotonin

Front 8

neurotransmitters deficient in brains of Alzheimer's patients

Back 8

acetylcholine; norepinephrine

Front 9

norepinephrine is used in a region of the reticular formation of the brain stem called the ?

Back 9

locus ceruleus

Front 10

dopamine-containing neurons found where in brain?

Back 10

midbrain; including substantia nigra

Front 11

serotonin concentrated in ?

Back 11

brain stem

Front 12

t/f, serotonin is involved in depression, aggressive & impulsive behavior, and in suicidal tendencies.

Back 12

true

Front 13

one of the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain

Back 13

Glutamic acid

Front 14

excitotoxicity (specifically, an overdose of glutamic acid) occurs in ?

Back 14

stroke

Front 15

most prevalent inhibitory neuotransmitter in the brain

Back 15

GABA

Front 16

low GABA levels can cause ...

Back 16

epilepsy & anxiety

Front 17

neuropeptides may act as (3 thing)

Back 17

hormones
neurotransmitters
neuromodulators

Front 18

how do neuromodulators act?

Back 18

modulate synaptic transmission by affecting release of or response to a neurotransmitter

Front 19

play role in injury stress, pain modulation, may be released during exercise

Back 19

opioid neuroactive peptides

Front 20

3 classes of opioid neuroactive peptides

Back 20

enkephalins
endorphins
dynorphin

Front 21

have receptors that do not bind opiates; many occur in gastrointestinal tract

Back 21

non-opioid neuroactive peptides

Front 22

example of non-opioid neuroactive peptides

Back 22

substance P

Front 23

region of brain affected by crack cocaine

Back 23

nucleus accumbens, which is involved in feelings of pleasure & reward

Front 24

how crack cocaine acts

Back 24

blocks removal of dopamine from synaptic cleft; inhibits reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine

Front 25

neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia, & Parkinson's

Back 25

Dopamine

Front 26

neurotransmitters involved in clinical depression

Back 26

serotonin, norepinephrine

Front 27

neurotransmitter involved in Huntington's, anxiety, & epilepsy

Back 27

GABA

Front 28

disturbances in thinking, emotional responses, & social behavior

Back 28

schizophrenia

Front 29

schizophrenia may be caused by too much ?

Back 29

dopamine

Front 30

biogenic amine hypothesis of depression suggests?

Back 30

there is diminished activity of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain

Front 31

cause of Parkinson's

Back 31

degeneration of dopaminergic fibers

Front 32

t/f, Parkinson's has some genetic basis.

Back 32

true.

Front 33

cause of Huntington's chorea

Back 33

deficit in inhibitory GABA-ergic neurons in parts of the basal ganglia; gene that codes for the protein 'huntingtin' mutates

Front 34

cause of anxiety

Back 34

overactivity of neurons caused by deficiency of GABA

Front 35

cause of epilepsy

Back 35

deficiency of GABA

Front 36

region of brain concerned w/ planning, execution, & smooth coordination of movements & posture

Back 36

cerebellum

Front 37

cerebellum is separated from cerebrum by ?

Back 37

transverse fissue & tentorium cerebelli

Front 38

central constricted area of cerebellum

Back 38

vermis

Front 39

two 'wings' of cerebellum (don't think too hard), separated by the falx cerebelli

Back 39

hemispheres

Front 40

t/f, the cerebellum is composed of white matter with a thin layer of gray matter @ its surface

Back 40

true!

Front 41

3 cerebellar nuclei; convey info. from the cerebellum to other parts of the nervous system

Back 41

fastigial nucleus
interposed nucleus
dentate nucleus

Front 42

important nucleus assoc. w/ cerebellum; conveys info. from vestibular apparatus of inner ear to cerebellum; sends commands to motor neurons controlling muscles affecting balance & posture

Back 42

vestibular nucleus

Front 43

connect cerebellum to the brain stem

Back 43

cerebellar peduncles

Front 44

3 cerebellar peduncles

Back 44

inferior (connect w/ medulla)
middle (connects w/ pons)
superior (connects w/ midbrain)

Front 45

types of info. provided to the cerebellum

Back 45

somatic sensory
balance
visual
auditory
plans for movement

Front 46

output from cerebellum

Back 46

cerebral cortex
brain stem
vestibular nucleus

Front 47

t/f, the cerebellum is necessary for basic perception and basic muscle movement

Back 47

FALSE!!!!

Front 48

4 functions of cerebellum

Back 48

-plan & program voluntary movement
-execute smooth, voluntary movement (corrects deviant movement)
-posture, balance, equilibrium
-learning motor skills

Front 49

3 main functional divisions of cerebellum

Back 49

vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum

Front 50

cerebellar disease causes ?

Back 50

motor abnormalities

Front 51

inaccurate range & direction of movements (cerebellar disease)

Back 51

dysmetria

Front 52

unsteady walking, tremor in speech articulation, & trouble in carryout out rapid, alternating movements caused by problems with?

Back 52

cerebellum

Front 53

specific details for execution of movements are controlled by?

Back 53

cerebellar mechanisms