Bio 203 Lecture 16

Front 1

cavities within the brain

Back 1

ventricles

Front 2

ventricles are filled with?

Back 2

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 3

3 membranes covering the brain

Back 3

meninges

Front 4

outermost membrane of the meninges, composed of fibrous connective tissue w/ blood vessels & nerves

Back 4

dura mater

Front 5

the dura mater is split into two layers enclosing the _____ _____

Back 5

dural sinuses

Front 6

where is the epidural space?

Back 6

in the spinal cord, between the dura mater & wall of the vertebral canal

Front 7

what is in the epidural space?

Back 7

fat, connective tissue, & blood vessels

Front 8

the middle membrane in the brain

Back 8

arachnoid mater

Front 9

describe the arachnoid mater.

Back 9

a thin, spider web-like membrane lacking blood vessels

Front 10

where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain?

Back 10

beneath the arachnoid mater
cerebrospinal fluid

Front 11

innermost brain membrane

Back 11

pia mater

Front 12

describe the pia mater

Back 12

thin, w/ nerves & blood vessels
follows contours of brain & spinal cord quite closely

Front 13

see diagrams on 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320-23

Back 13

groan...

Front 14

name the 4 ventricles.

Back 14

right lateral
left lateral
third
forth

Front 15

which ventricles are the largest?

Back 15

the lateral ones

Front 16

what connects the 3rd ventricle with the lateral ventricles?

Back 16

interventricular foramina

Front 17

where does the 4th ventricle connect to the 3rd ventricle?

Back 17

aqueduct of Sylvius

Front 18

t/f, the 4th ventricle connects to the 3rd ventricle at its anterior end & is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord at its posterior end.

Back 18

true.

Front 19

t/f, the fourth ventricle has openings in its roof that permit cerebrospinal fluid to pass into the subarachnoid space.

Back 19

true.

Front 20

what secretes/force-filters the cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 20

the choroid plexuses in the ventricles

Front 21

choroid plexuses consist of?

Back 21

capillary networks surrounded by ependymal cells of the neuroglia

Front 22

detail the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid starting in the lateral ventricles.

Back 22

from lateral ventricles, through interventricular foramina into third ventricle
through aqueduct of Sylvius into fourth ventricle
into central canal of spinal cord and into subarachnoid space where it bathes the surface of the pia mater

Front 23

finger-like herniations of the arachnoid membrane that project through the dura mater & reabsorb the cerebrospinal fluid

Back 23

arachnoid villi or arachnoid granulations

Front 24

main difference between cerebrospinal fluid & serum?

minor difference?

Back 24

Cerebrospinal fluid has MUCH less protein & a lower pH

Front 25

3 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

Back 25

-maintain constant external environment for neurons & neuroglia
-mechanical cushion
-remove waste & distribute peptide hormones & nutrients

Front 26

enlarged continuation of spinal cord; contains ascending & descending tracts

Back 26

medulla

Front 27

where fibers in the corticospinal tracts cross over to opposite sides in the medulla

Back 27

pyramidal decussation

Front 28

two pairs of prominent nuclei on the dorsal side of the medulla; receive sensory fibers

Back 28

nucleus gracilis
nucleus cuneatus

Front 29

system of gray matter & some white fibers that extends upward throughout the brain stem & into the diencephalon; important in maintenance of consciousness & arousal from sleep

Back 29

reticular formation, in the medulla

Front 30

medulla contains a number of ______ _______, including those concerned with the heart, breathing, & blood vessels

Back 30

reflex centers

Front 31

the medulla contains the nuclei of origin of 5 cranial nerves. name them.

Back 31

cochlear & vestibular branches
glossopharyngeal nerves
vagus nerve
accessory nerve
hypoglossal nerve

Front 32

oval projection on each lateral surface of the medulla; contains the olivary nuclei

Back 32

olive

Front 33

cells of this have axons that connect with the cerebellum and play a role in learning motor tasks

Back 33

olivary nuclei

Front 34

nerve fiber tracts that connect the medulla to the cerebellum

Back 34

inferior cerebellar peduncles

Front 35

nuclei in medulla that play a role in maintaining balance

Back 35

vestibular nuclei

Front 36

large bundles of transverse fibers in the pons that transmit information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

Back 36

middle cerebellar peduncles

Front 37

the pons contains the nuclei for 4 cranial nerves. name them.

Back 37

-trigeminal
-abducens
-facial
-vestibular branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 38

t/f, nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons work together w/ nuclei in the medulla to regulate breathing

Back 38

true

Front 39

t/f, the cerebral aqueducts and large fiber tracts pass through the midbrain.

Back 39

true

Front 40

two prominent bundles of fibers on the underside of the midbrain comprise the _______ _________, which include the corticospinal tracts & sensory fibers that connect with the thalamus.

Back 40

cerebral peduncles

Front 41

two pairs of rounded eminences on the surface of the midbrain that contain 4 important nuclei serving as reflex centers for the eyes, head, & neck

Back 41

corpora quadrigemina

Front 42

2 parts of the corpora quadrigemina

Back 42

superior colliculi (visual) & inferior colliculi (audio)

Front 43

midbrain contains the nuclei for 2 cranial nerves. name them.

Back 43

the oculomotor nerves
the trochlear nerves

Front 44

two major components of the diencephalon

Back 44

thalamus & hypothalamus

Front 45

major relay & processing station for all info passing to the cerebral cortex

Back 45

thalamus

Front 46

part of thalamus with which the optic nerve synapses

Back 46

lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 47

fibers of cranial nerve I terminate in the __________ ________ lying below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum.

Back 47

olfactory bulbs

Front 48

t/f, the thalamus transfers info. from the spinal cord & sensory fibers of the cranial nerves, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex.

Back 48

true

Front 49

the ________ gland is connected to the base of the hypothalamus by the ________ _________.

Back 49

pituitary
pituitary stalk/ infundibulum

Front 50

the hypothalamus plays a key role in ___________ activities, such as the regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.

Back 50

homeostatic

Front 51

four functions of hypothalamus

Back 51

control/integration of the ANS
association w/ the pituitary gland
output pathway for he limbic system
regulation of cyclic activities

Front 52

part of hypothalamus that provides a wake-up call at about the same time each morning

Back 52

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 53

t/f, the optic tracts, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, and pineal gland are part of the diencephalon.

Back 53

true

Front 54

when is melatonin secreted? what gland secretes it?

Back 54

at night, by the pineal gland