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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Theory |
- Every living organism is composed of one or more cells - Cells are the functional units of life - Cells are the simplest (basic, fundamental)structural unit of life - All cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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Cell Size Range |
<1 um to >200 um |
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Ways that Cells are Diverse |
Size Shape Nucleus Cell Wall Member of Community or Independent Motility Chemical Requirements Function |
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Ways that Cells are United |
-Store genetic info as DNA -Replicate DNA by templatedpolymerization -Transcribe genetic info - RNA-Translate RNA - proteins -Use protein catalysis -Regulate genes -Require free energy -Synthesize biological macro-molecules from subunits -Are enclosed in a plasmamembrane |
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Prokaryotic Cell Size |
Small few microns |
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Prokaryote Reproduction Rate |
Quick |
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Prokaryote Cell Shape |
spherical, cylindrical, or spiral |
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Prokaryote: Cell Wall? T/F |
True |
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Prokaryote: Internal Membranes? |
No |
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Prokaryote: Where is the DNA? |
Nucleoid, not membrane bound |
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Prokaryote: Cytoskeleton? T/F |
True, but limited |
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Eukaryote Size |
Larger than Prokaryotes |
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Eukaryote: Nucleus? T/F |
T |
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Nucleus |
Enclosed by double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Contains most of DNA in cell |
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Mitochondria: double membrane? T/F |
T, inner membrane folds into the interior |
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Mitochondria produces what? |
ATP |
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Evidence for Mitochondria used to being a prokaryote |
1. Contains own DNA 2. Reproduces by division (like bacteria) |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
-complex of membrane-bound compartments -synthesizes most cell membrane components and materials for export -In some places, ER is continuous with nuclear envelope |
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Golgi Apparatus |
-stacks of membrane bound discs -receives materials from ER -modifies materials made in ER -packages material for export from cell or transport to other cell compartments |
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Lysosomes |
-small, irregularshape, memb. bound -intracellular digestion |
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Peroxisomes |
-small, memb. bound -hydrogen peroxideused to inactivate toxic molecules |
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Cytosol |
Inside plasma membrane, but outside organelles |
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Cytoskeleton |
-system of proteinfilaments in cytosol -controls cell shape,provides strength to cell, drives movementof cell and components |
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Actin filaments |
-thinnest, abundant -cell movement,contraction |
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Microtubules |
-thickest, hollow tubes -guide movement of intracellular components -form network for chromosome segregation during cell division |
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Intermediate Filaments |
Strengthen cell |
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Vacuoles |
-fluid filled -storage, provide turgor |
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Plastids |
-double membrane bound -site of manufacture and storage of important compounds |
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Chloroplasts: Double Membrane? T/F |
True |
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Chloroplasts: the internal sacks contain what? |
Chlorophyll |
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Evidence that Chloroplasts were prokaryotes |
1. Contains own DNA 2. Reproduce by division |
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Electronegativity |
A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons |
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An element's chemical reactivity depends on its... |
valence electrons |
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Order of strongest bonds (lowest to highest) |
H bonds < Ionic bonds < Covalent bonds |
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Hydrophobic Molecules in Water |
-minimize # interactions with water molecules -minimize disruptive effect on interaction between water molecules |
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Inorganic Phosphate |
Has no C in it |
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The 4 Biological MacroMolecules |
1. Polysaccharides, Glycogen, and Starch (in Plants) 2. Fats and Membrane Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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The 4 Biological MacroMolecules' Subunits |
1. Sugars 2. Fatty Acids 3. Amino Acids 4. Nucleotides |
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Percent of Cell that's Water |
70% |
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The bulk of non-water parts of the cell is... |
Biological MacroMolecules |
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How are subunits linked together? |
Condensation (Dehydration) |
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Linking subunits produces what? |
Water |
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How are polymers split? |
Hydrolysis, addition of water |
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Carbohydrates Function |
Energy storage and stuctural |
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Carbohydrates general chemical formula |
(CH2O)N |
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Monosaccharides (simple sugars) |
building blocks/subunits short term energy storage |
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Every Carbon in a Monosaccharide has a what? |
Oxygen |
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What do monosaccharides form in water? |
Rings |
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Disaccharides are formed by |
Dehydration of 2 Monosacchardies |
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Are Polysaccharides branched or straight? |
Trick question, they can be either. |
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Examples of Polysaccharides |
glycogen, starch, cellulose, peptideoglycon, lipposaccharides (LPS in gram - bacteria), chitin (in anthropods and fungi) |
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Why can't humans digest cellulose |
Because of the alternating alpha, beta links between the subunits |
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Lipids are polymers. T/F |
FALSE |
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Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
Hydrophobic |
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Examples of Lipids |
Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, sterols |
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What kind of energy storage are lipids? |
Very long term |
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Two classes of lipids |
1. Lipids with fatty acids 2. Lipids without fatty acids |
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What are fatty acids composed of? |
16-18 carbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) on one end |
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Are the tail and head of a fatty acid hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
Head = Hydrophilic Tail = Hydrophobic |
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Are saturated fatty acids kinky or straight? |
Straight |
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Examples of Lipids with fatty acids |
Triglycerides Phospholipids |
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Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Composition |
3 fatty acids linked to a 3C alchol |
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What are triglycerides found in? |
Fats and Oils |
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What kind of energy storage are triglycerides? |
Long term |
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Unsaturated fatty acids are... |
Oils |
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What are phospholipids composed of? |
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 Polar Group + Phosphate + (usually) N |
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In water phospholipids spontaneously form what? |
Micelles or a phospholipid bilayer |
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What are waxes composed of? |
Long chain fatty acids linked to a long chain of alchols or carbon rings |
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Do sterols have fatty acids? |
No |
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Sterols Composition |
Four rings + various functional groups |
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Proteins Function |
Enzyme Structural Transport Motor Storage Signal Receptor Gene regulatory Special purpose |
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Proteins are internally linked by what? |
Peptide bonds |
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How many amino acids are in humans? |
20 |
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How are amino acids grouped? |
Polar/nonpolar and charge |
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Describe the peptide bond |
O H || | R - C - N - R |
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How is a peptide bond formed? |
Dehydration of course |
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What are the terminuseseseses of a protein? |
C and N terminus |
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What is a polypeptide? |
A protein that hasn't reached its final 3D conformation |
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Can a protein consist of multiple polypeptides? |
Yes |
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What non-colvalent interactions maintain a protein's 3D shape? |
Van Der Walls H bonds Water interactions |
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Primary Protein Structure |
Linear sequence of amino acids |
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Secondary Protein Structure |
Localized folding into alpha helix and beta sheets |
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Tertiary Protein Structure |
Organization of secondary structure in space (held together by sidechains) |
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Quaternary Protein Structure |
Final 3D conformation of proteins containing 2+ polypeptide chains (the polypeptides don't function on their own) |
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What can H bonds link in proteins? |
Backbone to backbone Backbone to sidechain Sidechain to sidechain |
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For proteins, where do disulfide bonds form? |
Outside of the cell |
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Most proteins are... |
Globular |
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Some proteins are... |
Fiberous (mostly support proteins) |
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Examples of fiberous proteins |
Alpha keratin Collagen |
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Protein Domains |
fold independently and have their own function |
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Can multiple proteins have the same domains? |
Yes, protein families have very similar domains |
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When can proteins fold? |
During synthesis, during/after transport, or later |
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What can denature proteins? |
Urea and Heat |
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Can proteins spontaneously fold? |
Yes |
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What do chaperones do? |
Help fold proteins correctly |
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How do chaperones recognize misfolded proteins? |
By hydrophobic residues on the outside of the protein |
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What do misfolded proteins do? |
Aggregate |
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What happens to proteins that cannot be folded properly? |
They're degraded by the proteosome |
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When do hsp 70 proteins act? |
During synthesis and transport |
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hsp 70 Mechanism of Action |
1. hsp binds to hydrophobic amino acids 2. ATP is bound to hsp 70 3. ATP -> ADP + Inorganic P and ADP.hsp70 4. Protein folds correctly because ADP.hsp70 prohibits abnormal folding 5. hsp 70 released when bound to ATP again |
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When ATP is bound hsp 70, how tight is the binding? |
Loose |
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When ADP is bound to ADP.hsp70, how tight is the binding? |
Tight |
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When does hsp 60 act? |
After synthesis/transport |
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Describe hsp 60 Mechanism of Action |
1. hsp60 isolates protein 2. hsp60 binds the protein by hyrophobic interaction and the protein is in the "barrel" 3."Lid" (part of hsp60) will close after protein binds to the chamber 4.Conformational Change of "barrel" to hydrophilic amino acids causes hydrophobic amino acids of the protein to go to the inside |
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Diseases caused by misfolded proteins |
Hunnington's Alzheimer's Prion Diseases (Ex. Mad Cow) |
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How are prion diseases different from other infectious particles? |
They are mostly proteins |
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How are misfolded proteins marked for destruction? |
By the addition of polyubiquitin (which recognizes exposed hydrophobic regions on the protein) |
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What is the molten globule |
The initial conformation of the protein before it's completely, correctly folded |
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What does the proteasome do? |
Degrades incorrectly folded proteins (or rapidly degraded proteins) |
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What part of the proteasome cleaves the misfolded protein? |
The protease |
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Where is the proteasome found? |
Throughout the cytosol |
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Before the proteasome degrades the protein, what do the chaperones try to do? |
Correctly fold the protein |
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What is the selective advantage of the proteasome? |
It allows for the re-use of amino acids in incorrectly folded proteins (i.e. saves energy) |
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What part of the proteasome recognizes ubiquitin? |
The stopper at the beginning |
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Does ubiquitin get degraded? |
No it pops off before degredation |
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What does Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme (E1) do? |
Primes Ubiquitin Ligase |
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What does Ubiquitin Ligase do? |
Adds Ubiquitin to the misfolded protein |
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Describe how Ubiquitin is added to the misfolded protein |
1. Ubiquitin attaches to Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme 2. Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme attaches to Ubiquitin Ligase 3. Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme pops off 4. Misfolded Protein attaches to Ubiquitn Ligase 5. Ubiquitin is added 6. Repeat |
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What are nucleotides |
Subunits of nucleic acids |
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What are nucleotides composed of? |
Base + Sugar + 1, 2, or 3 Phosphates |
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4 Roles of Nucleotides |
1. Energy Currency (ATP) 2. Coenzymes (NADH, CoA) 3. Intracellular messengers (cAMP, GTP) 4. Components of Nucleic Acids |
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Term of energy storage of TAG's |
Very Long Term |
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Term of energy storage of Glycogen |
Long Term |
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Term of energy storage of Glucose |
Short Term |
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Term of energy storage of ATP |
Very Short Term |
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Primary Energy Source Used During a Sprint |
ATP |
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Primary Energy Source After a Long Run |
TAG's |
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Are Nucleic Acids branched or unbranched? |
Unbranched |
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Are all bindings reversible? |
Yes, however strong bindings will take longer to dissociate |
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As strength of binding increases, Keq ___ |
Increases |
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4 Membrane Functions |
1. Receive Info 2. Import and Export Small Molecules 3. Capacity for Movement and Expansion 4. Selective Barrier |
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Model of Cell Membrane |
Fluid Mosaic Model |
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Membrane lipids besides phospholipids |
Sterols and glycolipids |
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What may Plasmalogen Phosphoglycerides do? |
Protect cells from oxidative stress |
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Plasmalogen Phosphoglycerides Composition |
1 fatty acyl chain + 1 fatty akyl chain |
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What do sphingolipids contain? |
Sphingosine |
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What is Sphingomelin Composed Of? |
Phosphocholine + sphingosine |
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Most abundant sphingolipid? |
Sphingomelin |
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Phospholipids can spontaneously form what in water? |
Liposome |
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Membrane Fluidity relies on... |
viscosity, transition temperature, freezing point |
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How does Cholesterol effect Membrane Fluidity? |
It acts as a buffer |
