Bio 202 Digestive

Front 1

Two main groups of organs in digestive system?

Back 1

Those in alimentary canal

Accessory digestive organs

Front 2

Alimentary canal

Back 2

Also known as the gi tract, and is continuous muscular digestive tube that winds through body.

Front 3

Organs of alimentary canal

Back 3

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small instestine and large intestine

Front 4

Accessory digestive organs

Back 4

Teeth, gallbladder a number of large digestive glands including the salivary glands, liver and pancreas

Front 5

Propulsion

Back 5

Moves food through alimentary canal including swallowing

Front 6

Peristalsis

Back 6

The major means of propulsion involving alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscle in the organ walls

Front 7

Mechanical digestion

Back 7

Physically prepared food for chemical digestion by enzymes.... include chewing mixing food w/ saliva churning food in stomach

Front 8

Segmentation

Back 8

Mixes food with digestive juices

Front 9

Chemical digestion

Back 9

A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal

Front 10

Absorbtion

Back 10

The passage of digested end products from the lumen of the gi tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph

Front 11

Defecation

Back 11

Eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus

Front 12

Digestive processes

Back 12

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation

Front 13

Regulatory mechanisms

Back 13

1. Digestive activity is provoked by a range of mechanical and chemical stimuli

2. Controls if digestive activity are both extrinsic and intrinsic

Front 14

Nerve fibers that excite smooth muscle secrete?

Back 14

Acetylcholine or substance p

Front 15

Nerve fibers that inhibit smooth muscle release?

Back 15

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide

Front 16

Pertoneum

Back 16

in abdominal cavity and most extensive serous membrane.

Front 17

visceral peritoneum

Back 17

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs.

Front 18

pariteal peritoneum

Back 18

continuous from the secular peritoneum and lines the body wall.

Front 19

peritoneal cavity

Back 19

located between the two peritoneums, it is a slitlike potential space containing fluid secreted by the serous membrane.

Front 20

Serous fluid

Back 20

lubricates mobile digestive organs, allowing them to glide easily across one another.

Front 21

mesentary

Back 21

double layer of peritoneum, a sheet of 2 serous membranes fused back to back that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall. Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves, and also holds organs in place and stores fat.

Front 22

retroperitoneal organs

Back 22

organs that have lost their mesentery and include most of the pancreas and parts of the large intestine.

Front 23

intraperitoneal or peritoneal organs

Back 23

have kept their mesentery and remain in the peritoneal cavity.

Front 24

Peritonititis

Back 24

Inflammation of peritoneum.

Front 25

Splanchnic circulation

Back 25

Includes those arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and the hepatic portal circulation.

Front 26

Walls of the alimentary canal

Back 26

from esophagus to anal canal have same 4 basic layers.

1.mucosa

2.submucosa

3.muscularis externa

4serosa

Front 27

Mucosa

Back 27

Inner most layer, moist epithet membrane, major functions include: secretion of mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones as well as absorption of the end products of digestion into the blood and protection against infectious disease.

Front 28

digestive muscosa sublayers

Back 28

lining epithelium, lamina propr. and muscular mucosae. Typically epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar epithelium rich in mucus secreting goblet cells.

Front 29

Lamina propria

Back 29

Underlies the epithelium in loose areolar connective tissue.

Front 30

muscularis mucosae

Back 30

a scant layer of smooth muscle that produce local movements of the mucosa.

Front 31

Submucosa

Back 31

Just external to mucosa, is a moderately dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessel, lymphoid follicles and nerve fibers.

Front 32

Muscularis externa

Back 32

Just deep to the sub mucosa is layer is layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. Typically has inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.

Front 33

Serosa

Back 33

Protective outermost layer of the interparatoneal organs an has single of sqaumois epitheal cells.

Front 34

adventita

Back 34

the esophagus's version of the series since it is in the thoracic cavity.

Front 35

enteric neurons

Back 35

the alimentary canals in house nerve supply.

Front 36

submucosal nerve plexus

Back 36

occupies the sub mucosa and includes sensory and motor neurons that regulate the activity of gland and smooth muscle in the mucosa.

Front 37

myenteric nerve plexus

Back 37

lies between the circular and longitude muscle layers of muscular external and is the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and the GI tract motility.

Front 38

Mouth

Back 38

Mucosal lined cavity also called oral or buccal cavity and is the only part of the alimentary canal involved with ingestion. Posteriorly continuous with oropharynx. Also wall of mouth are lined with stratified squamous epithelium with can withstand conservable friction.

Front 39

oral orifice

Back 39

anterior opening to the mouth.

Front 40

Lips/cheeks

Back 40

also know as labia have core skeletal muscle covered by skin. Function is to keep food between teeth and play a small role in speech.

Front 41

vestibule

Back 41

the recess bounded externally by the lips and cheeks and internally by gums and teeth.

Front 42

Palate

Back 42

Formed roof of mouth has 2 parts the hard palate anterorly and soft palate posteriouly.

Front 43

Hard palate

Back 43

Forms rigid surface that younger forces food on.

Front 44

Soft palate

Back 44

Formed mostly of skeletal muscle rises reflexively to close off nasopharyngeal when we swallow.

Front 45

Tongue

Back 45

Occupies floor of mouth composed of skeleton muscle fibers helps create bolus and speech. Has both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.

Front 46

Lingual frenulum

Back 46

Food if mucosa that secures tongue to floor of mouth.

Front 47

Filiform papillae

Back 47

Peglike projections that give tongue roughness and provides needed friction.

Front 48

Filiform papillae

Back 48

Peglike projections that give tongue roughness and provides needed friction.

Front 49

Extrinsic salivary glands

Back 49

Lie outside the oral cavity and empty there secretions into it.... produces most saliva

Front 50

List of salivary glands

Back 50

Extrinsic salivary glands

Intrinsic or buccal glands

Parotid gland

Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland

Front 51

2 types of secretory cells that make up salivary glands

Back 51

Mucous and serous cells

Front 52

Serous cells

Back 52

Produce watery secretion containing enzymes, ions and a tiny bit of mucin.

Front 53

Mucous cells

Back 53

Produce mucus

Front 54

Composition of saliva

Back 54

Largely water with a pH of 6.75-7.0 and contains electrolytes, salivary amylase, the proteins: mucin, lysozyme and IgA

Front 55

Vestibule

Back 55

The area that lies between the lips and cheeks and teeth.

Front 56

Stomach

Back 56

Left side of abdominal cavity and is hidden by the liver and diaphragm.

Front 57

Region of Saclike stomach

Back 57

Cardiac region

fundus

body

pyloric region

Front 58

cardiac region

Back 58

area surrounding cardiac orfice, where food enters stomach from esophogous.

Front 59

fundus

Back 59

expanded portion of stomach, superolateral to the cardiac region.

Front 60

Body (Stomach)

Back 60

Midportion of the stomach, inferior to the fundus.

Front 61

Pyloric region

Back 61

Consists of pyloric antrum

more narrow pyloric canal

terminal pylorous and is continous w/ pyloric sphinctor. Most digestive activity in stomach.

Front 62

Esophagus

Back 62

extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the gastroesophageal sphincter in the superior aspect of the stomach.

Front 63

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Back 63

controls food passage into the stomach and is a slight thickening of the smooth muscle layer at the esophogous-stomach junction.

Front 64

Lesser curvature

Back 64

is convex lateral surface

Front 65

Lesser Omentum

Greater Omentum

Back 65

Extends from the liver to the lesser curvature

Saclike extends from greater curvature reflects downward over abdominal to cover them like an apron, blends w/ mesocolon.

Front 66

mesocolon

Back 66

attaches the transverse colon to the posterior body wall.

Front 67

gastric glands

Back 67

secrete HCl and hydrolytic enzymes (primarily pepsinogen) to begin the enzymatic or chemical breakdown of protein foods.

Front 68

mucosoal glands

Back 68

secrete viscous mucus that helps the stomach from being digested by the proteolytic enzymes.

Front 69

Chyme

Back 69

the result of proccessed food from the stomach, resembles a creamy mass. Enters the small instetine through the pyloric sphincter.

Front 70

Small Instetine

Back 70

convulated tube 6-7 meters long, extends from pyloric sphincter to the ilocceal valve, and suspended by double layer of peritoneum, where most of body's digestion takes place.

Front 71

3 subdivisions of small instestine

Back 71

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Front 72

duodeum

Back 72

goes from pyloric sphincter and curves around the head of the pancreas, mostly lieing in a retroperitoneal position.

Front 73

jenjunum

Back 73

continues from the duodenum and occupies most of the umbilical region.

Front 74

ileum

Back 74

terminal portion of the small instetine and joins the large instestine at the ilocceal valve.

Front 75

Brush Border Enzymes

Back 75

Hydrolytic enzymes bound to the microvilli of the coumnar epitheal cells and enzymes produced by the pancreas and ducted into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.

Front 76

pancreatic duct

Back 76

completes the enzymatic digestion process in the small intestine.

Front 77

Bile

Back 77

Formed in the liver and enters the duodenum via the bile duct.

Front 78

hepatopancreatic amplulla

Back 78

where the pancreatic and bile ducts join and empty their products into the duodenal lumen though the major duodenal papilla.

Front 79

3 structural modifications that increase mucosa obsorbtive area.

Back 79

Microvilli

villi

circular folds

Front 80

Microvilli

Back 80

minute projections on the surface of plasma membrane of the columnar epitheal lining cells of mucosa.

Front 81

Villi

Back 81

finger like projections of the mucosa tunic that give it a velvety appearance and texture.

Front 82

Circular folds (plicae circulares)

Back 82

deep permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa layers that force chyme to spiral through the instetine mixing it and slowing it's progress.

Front 83

Peyers patches

Back 83

Increase as the small instestine goes along in contrast to the structural modifications because peyers patches help with bacteria and mosre bacteria later in small instetine.

Front 84

Large Instetine

Back 84

estends from the ileocceal valve to the anus, encircles the small instestine on 3 sides and has 5 subdivisions. Very little abosption takes place here.

Front 85

5 subdivisions of large intestine

Back 85

cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum and ana canal

Front 86

regions of colon

Back 86

ascending colon - up right side of and cavity

right colic fixture- turn where transverse starts

transverse colon - cross the abd cavity

left colic (splenic) Fixture - descending colon starts

descending colon - left side of abd cavity

sigmoid colon - s shaped colon after descending

Front 87

anus

Back 87

anal canal terminates in the anus the opening to the exterior of the body

Front 88

Part of colon not considered abdominal cavity structures

Back 88

sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal

Front 89

rectum

Back 89

final section of large intestine terminating in the anus.

Front 90

teniae coli

Back 90

the 3 longtitudal muscle bands of the muscular is externa.

Front 91

haustra

Back 91

small pocket like sacs of the large intestine wall caused by teniae coli.

Front 92

Name of initial teeth

Back 92

deciduous or milk teeth

Front 93

teeth classification

Back 93

incisors - 8 total, exert shearing action

canines - 4 total, exert tearing

pre molars (bicuspids) -8 total - grinding food

Molars 12 total

32 total teeth

Front 94

tooth

Back 94

Has 2 major regions the crown and the root.

crown = superior portion of tooth

root = embedded in the alveolar portion of the jaw covered by CEMNETUM which is similar to enamel and connected to the crown by the NECK.

Front 95

periodontal ligament

Back 95

holds the tooth in the alveolar socket and provides cushion

Front 96

dentin

Back 96

composes the bulk of the tooth and is bone like material medial to enamel and cementum

Front 97

pulp cavity

Back 97

occupies the central portion of the tooth and PULP is connective tissue is supplied w/ blood, nerves, lymphatics and occupies the cavity and provides for tooth sensation and supplies nutrients to the tooth tissues. Extends from distal portions of the root and becomes the ROOT CANAL

Front 98

Odontoblasts

Back 98

specialized cells that reside in the outer margins of the pulp cavity and produce the DENTIN.

Front 99

Apical foramen

Back 99

Provides a route of entry into the tooth for blood vessels, nerves and other structures from the tissues beneath.

Front 100

parotid glands

Back 100

Large glands located anterior to the ear and ducting into the mouth over the second upper molar through the parotid duct

Front 101

submandibular glands

Back 101

Located along the medial aspect of the mandibular body in the floor of the mouth and ducting under the tongue to the base of the lingual frenulum.

Front 102

sublingual glands

Back 102

small glands located most anteriorly in the floor of the mouth and emptying under the tongue via several small ducts.

Front 103

saliva

Back 103

consists mostly of mucin a viscous glycoprotein which moistens the food and helps it bind together into a mass called a BOLUS, and also a clear serous fluid containing the enzyme salivary amylase which begins the digestion of starch (Large polysaccharide) into disacharides or double sugars and glucose.

Front 104

Liver

Back 104

Largest gland in the body is located inferior to the diaphragm and more to the right than the left side of the body and has four lobes and is suspended from the diaphragm by FLACIFORM LIGAMENT. One of the bodes most important organs with it's digestive function of producing BILE which emulsifies fat creating a larger surface area for lipase activity

Front 105

Gallbaldder

Back 105

a small green sac on the inferior surface of the liver, it is where lie is stored when it backs up in the CYSTIC DUCT when digestion is not occurring

Front 106

Conditions of the liver

Back 106

Hepatitis - Inflamation of the liver

cirrhosis - when liver is damaged and become hard and fibrous.

Front 107

Liver anatomy

Back 107

sturcture is called LOBULES, with each lobule being a cylinder like structure consisting of cordlike arrays of HEPTOCYTES (liver cells) which radiate outwards. Each of the 6 corners of lobule is portal triad (portal tract) where 3 basic structure are always preent: portal arteriole (branch of the hepatic artery and supplies blood), portal venule (branch of the hepatic vein and carries nutrient rich blood away from digestive system), and bile duct.

Front 108

sinusoids

Back 108

between liver cells and are blood filled through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery per locates.

Front 109

Kuppfer cells

Back 109

special phagocytic cells that line the sinusoids and remove debris like bacteria from the blood as it flows past, while hepatocytes pick up oxygen and nutrients.

Front 110

Pancreas

Back 110

Is a soft triangular gland that extends horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall from the spleen to the duodenum and is considered a retroparaneal organ. Has an endocrine function (produces hormones insulin and glycogen) as well as exocrine (enzyme producing)

Front 111

Pancreatic juice

Back 111

very alkaline with high concentration of bicarbonate ion which neutralizes acidic chyme entering duodenum enabling the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes to operate at their optimal pH