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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydrocarbon
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An organic compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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Isomers
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One of two or more chemical compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.
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Structural Isomers
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One of two or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but differing in the covalent arrangement of their atoms.
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Geometric Isomers
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One of two or more chemical compounds having the same arrangement of covalent bonds but differing in their spatial arrangement of their atoms.
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Enantiomers
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Two isometric chemical compounds that are mirror images.
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Hydrophobic Interactions
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Not readily interacting with water.
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Hydrophilic Interactions
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Interacting readily with water.
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Functional Group
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A group of atoms that confers distinctive properties on an organic molecule to which it is attached. ex. amino or hydroxyl
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Methyl Group
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A nonpolar functional group.
( -CH3 ) |
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Hydroxyl Group
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Polar functional group.
( -OH ) |
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Carbonyl Group
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A polar functional group consisting of a carbon atom attached to an oxygen by a double bond; found in aldehydes and ketones.
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Aldehyde
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An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
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Ketone
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An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.
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Carboxyl Group
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A weakly acidic functional group.
( -COOH ) |
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Amino Group
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A weakly basic functional group.
( -NH2 ) |
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Phosphate Group
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A weakly acidic functional group that can release one or two hydrogen ions.
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Sulfhydryl Group
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Found in organic compounds called thiols.
( -SH ) |
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Macromolecules
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A very large organic molecule such as a protein or nucleic acid.
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Polymers
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A molecule built up from repeating subunits of the same general type of monomers.
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Monomers
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A small molecule that can link with other similar molecules.
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Hydrolysis
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Reaction in which a covalent bond between two subunits is broken through the addition of the equivalent of a water molecule ( a hydrogen molecule and a hydroxyl group).
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Condensation Reactions
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A reaction in which two monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule.
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Carbohydrates
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Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Hexoses
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A monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms.
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Glucose
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A hexose aldehyde sugar taht is the central to many metabolic processes.
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Disaccharide
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A sugar produced by covalently linking two monosaccharides.
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Gylcosidic Linkage
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Covalent linkage joining two sugars including an oxygen atom bonded to a carbon of each sugar.
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Polysaccharide
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A carbohydrate consisting of many monosaccharide subunits.
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Starch
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A polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose subunits; made by plants to store energy.
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Amyloplasts
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Colorless plastids that are used for starch storage in cells of roots and tubers.
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Glycogen
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The principal storage polysaccharide in animal cells that is formed by glucose.
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Cellulose
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A structural polysaccharide consisting of beta glucose subunits.
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Chitin
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A nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects and cell walls of many fungi.
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Glycoproteins
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A protein with covalently attached carbohydrates.
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Glycolipids
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A lipid with covalently attached carbohydrates.
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Lipids
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Any group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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Triacylglycerol
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The main storage lipid of organism, consisting of a glycerol and three fatty acids.
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Glycerol
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A three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached on each carbon; component of a triacylglycerol.
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Fatty Acid
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A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain; component of a triacylglycerol.
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Ester Linkage
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Covalent linkage formed by the reaction of a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group, with the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule.
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Monoacylglycerol
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Lipid consisting of a gylcerol combined chemically with a single fatty acid.
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Diacylglycerol
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A lipid consisting of glycerol combined chemically with two fatty acids.
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Saturated Fatty Acid
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A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain with no double bonds.
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Unsaturated Fatty Acid
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A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain with double bonds.
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Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
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A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain with one double bond.
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
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A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain with two or more double bonds.
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van der Waals Interactions
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Weak attractive forces between atoms caused by the interactions among fluctuating charges.
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Amphipathic Lipid
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A lipid containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
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Phospholipid
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Lipids in which two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing group are attached to glycerol.
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Carotenoid
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A group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits.
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Isoprene Unit
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Five-carbon hydrocarbons monomers that make up certain lipids such as carotenoids and steroids.
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Steroid
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Complex molecules containing carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings, three of which contain six carbon atoms and the fourth contains five.
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Proteins
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A large, complex organic compound composed of covalently linked amino acid subunits.
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Enzymes
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An organic catalyst that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
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Amino Acids
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An organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group; may form a polypeptide bond.
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Essential Amino Acids
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Amino acids that must be provided by the diet because the body cannot make its own.
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Peptide Bond
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A distinctive covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond that links amino acids in peptides and proteins.
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Globular Proteins
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Long, fibrous protein chains that are tightly folded into compact, roughly spherical shapes.
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Primary Structure
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The complete sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, beginning at the amino acid end and ending at the carboxyl end.
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Secondary Structure
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A regular geometric shape produced by hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the uniform polypeptide backbone. Examples of this include the alpha helix and beta sheet.
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Tertiary Structure
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The overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide that is determined by interactions involving amino acid side chains.
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Quaternary Structure
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The overall conformation of a protein produced by the interaction of two or more polypeptide chains.
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Domain
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A structural and functional region of a protein.
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Denaturation
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To alter the physical properties and three dimensional structure of a protein, nucleic acid, or other macromolecule by treating it with excess heat, acid, or bases.
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DNA
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Double stranded nucleic acid that contains genetic information coded in specific sequences.
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RNA
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A family of single-stranded nucleic acids that function mainly in protein synthesis.
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Ribozymes
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A molecule of RNA that has catalytic properties.
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Phosphodiester Linkage
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Covalent linkage between two nucleotides in a strand of DNA and RNA.
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ATP
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An organic compound containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. Used in energy transfer in cells.
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GTP
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An energy transfer molecule similar to ATP that releases free energy with the hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate group.
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