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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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List 5 functions of the urinary system |
> excretion of metabolic waste > maintains water-salt balance > Maintains ph > secretes hormones > nutrient reabsorption & synthesis |
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What is good body pH? |
7.4 |
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Name the hormones of the urinary system |
> erythropoetin > Renin > Aldosterone???
This is wrong |
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True or false? The kidney produces vitamin D. |
True (however most comes from sunlight) |
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What is the main function of the kidneys? - excretion - urine production - synthesis - hormone secretion |
Urine production ....? Thougtnit was excretion? |
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True or false? The internal sphincter of the bladder allows for voluntary control of urination. |
False |
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True or False? The external sphincter of the bladder allows for voluntary control of urination. |
True |
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Where does blood enter the kidneys? |
Renal Artery |
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Where does filtered blood exit the kidneys? |
Renal Vein |
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Where does newly-produced urine exit the kidneys? |
ureter |
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What function do the renal pyramids have? |
they fill with waste (urine) |
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What is the first step/checkpoint in the production of urine? |
Bowman's Capsule > small solutes leave the blood (from the afferent Arteriole)
Reword this! |
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Name the three stages of urine formation: |
> glomerular ?! > Tubular Reapsorption > Tubular Secretion |
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> What is released in response to low blood pressure? > From where? > What is it? |
Renin > Kidnets (glomerular apparatus thingy) > Enzyme What about adh?! |
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What is secreted by the endocrine system to increase blood pressure? |
ADH-Antidiuretic hormone & aldosterone |
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What function does ANH have? > Where is it excreted from? |
> Atrial Natriuretic Hormone > Excreted from the heart > Decreases Blood Pressure by (1) causing sodium to be excreted, (2) inhibiting secretion of renin and aldosterone... (3) secondary action is that water is excreted via osmosis, |
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What effects do diuretics have on the urinary systme? |
Inhibit the secretion of ADH, which results in water loss, as it won't be reabsorbed during TR |
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What is it called when the body drops below pHof 7.35? |
Acidosis |
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What happens when your body-pH is low? (acidic) |
> Kidneys excrete H ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions > respiration rate is increased so more CO2 is expelled |
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This is the basic structural unit of the kidney |
Nephron |
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True or False? The two urinary sphincters are composed of smooth muscle. |
False Internal=smooth External=skeletal |
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What technial term refers to the relaxation of the urinary sphincters and contraction of the bladder? |
micturition |
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True or False? The Kidneys combine ammonia with CO2 to produce urea |
False The liver combines ammonia with CO2 to form Urea |
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Greater amount of sodium in the blood results in ______________ blood volume & pressure |
Higher |
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What is a typical pH of urine? |
6 (or lower) |
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Where is aldosterone released from? |
> Adrenal glands (above kidneys) |
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If blood pH rises above 7.4, what do the kidneys do? |
> Excrete bicarbonate ions > reabsorb H+ ions |
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When is Aldosterone released? and what general function does it have? |
> Aldosterone is released when renin is present in the blood > Helps to raise blood pressure |
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True or false? Renin is a hormone released by the kidneys? |
False Renin is an enzyme, released by the kidneys |
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True or False? Aldosterone is a hormone released by the kidneys. |
False Aldosterone is a hormone released by the adrenal glands (above the kidneys) |
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Nephron:
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>> They are found in the renal cortex |
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How do diuretics affect the body> |
They inhibit the secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). This prevents water from being reabsorbed |
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What problem can occur in the kidneys from low blood pressure?
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If pressure is too low, they may not be able to filter blood effectively |
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Name the three stages of urine formation |
> tubular reabsorption > tubular secretion |
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During glomerular filtration, blood enters the glomerulus through the _________________. This is a __________ form of ____________ transport. as __________ molecules enter the tubule through the __________________, where it is called __________.
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> Afferent Arteriole > non-selective > passive (why blood pressure is important!) > small >Bowman's Capsule > Glomerular Filtrate |
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The second stage of urine production is known as ____________, and is a __________ form of _________ transport. This stage helps to separate _________ from __________
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> Tubular Reabsorption > selective > active/passive > wastes > nutrients |
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During Tubular Reabsorption, what is actively transported and what is passively transported?
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> Glucose = active > Water = passive >>>REMEMBER, it is still SELECTIVE!! Glucose is active??! |
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The final stage of urine production ________________, involves a ______________ form of ____________ transport. |
> Tubular Secretion > selective > active |
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What stage of urine production is responsible for balancing pH? |
Tubular Secretion |
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What stage of urine production is responsible for determining how much water to retain/secrete?
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Tubular Reabsorption AND Glomerular Filtration?? |
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At what stage of urine production do molecules exit through the efferent arteriole? |
Glomerular Filtration |
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What is the Glomerulus? |
It is a bed of capillaries (blood vessel), surrounded by the Bowman's Capsule (tubule). It is the first site of exchange in a nephron. |
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Where does tubular reabsorption occur? |
> loop of Henle > Distal Convoluted Tubule |
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Where does Tubular Secretion occur?
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Distal Convoluted Tubule |
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At what stage of urine production is nitrogenous waste filtered from the blood?
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> Tubular Reabsorption |
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At what stage of urine production are nutrients filtered from the blood?
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Glomerular Filtration |
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At what stage of urine production is salt filtered from the blood?
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> tubular reabsorption |
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At what stage of urine production are Hydrogen ions filtered from the blood?
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Tubular secretion |
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At what stage of urine production is creatinine filtered from the blood?
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Tubular Secretion |
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True or False? The cell-walls of collecting tubules contain aquaporins |
True |
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Renal Cortex
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Refers to the outer layer of the kidneys. It contains the nephrons densely packed. The blood flows thru this network of capillaries arterioles and venules and urine is excreted from the tubules into the pyramids. |
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Renal Medulla |
? |
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True or False? Hormones have a faster effect than the neuromuscular system |
False |
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What are three unique features of exocrine glands?
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> Exocrine release hormones into ducts (i.e. salivary glands) > ACT LOCALLY > Have a general function |
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What are three unique features of endocrine glands? |
> Endocrine release into bloodstream (i.e.Insulin) > Target specific cells > Works as a negative feedback mechanism |
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True or False? Hormones work solely on organs and travel solely through the bloodstream. |
> Pheremones act on other individuals > Hormones travel mainly through the bloodstream, but not solely (i.e. insulin is released into the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream along with nutrients.) |
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True or False? Distance is not an important factor for hormones. |
essentially, distance does not matter... however, it can make a difference. |
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True or false? hormones are a type of protein |
ONLY SOME hormones are a type of protein |
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True or False? Steroid hormones are derived from lipids |
> They are derived from cholesterol > They are lipid soluble |
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What are the two classes of hormones, and what are they soluble with?
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= water soluble > Steroid Hormones = lipid soluble |
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What can Peptide hormones be made of?
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> Glycoproteins > amino acids > Peptides |
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True or false? Peptide Hormones directly activate cells |
> think of them as Purolator trucks, they don't enter the house/cell |
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What is the most common type of Hormone?
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Peptide Hormone |
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What effect do Peptide Hormones have on cells?
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> This activates an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP > cAMP activates an enzymatic cascade > Glycogen is broken down to glucose, which enters the bloodstream |
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Where are steroid hormones produced?
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> Testes > Ovaries |
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How do steroid hormones enter a cell? |
(because they are lipid soluble...they don't need transport proteins)) |
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What effect do steroid hormones have on cells? |
> Bind to receptors INSIDE NUCLEUS > The hormone bound to the gene (Hormone-Receptor Complex) activates the gene which then synthesizes an mRNA > Protein synthesis occurs |
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List the endocrine glands of the body and their relative location.
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> Pituitary Gland (close to brainstem) > Thyroid+Parathyroids (surround trachea) > Thymus (Heart) > Pancreas (abdomen) >Adrenal glands (above kidneys) > sex glands |
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True or False? Hormones are not solely produced in the endocrine/exocrine glands$
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True! |
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What organs produce hormones as a secondary function? |
>Heart (ANH) > Kidneys (Aldosterone?!) > GI tract
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What is responsible for linking/communicating between the nervous and endocrine systems? |
> communicates with the Autonomic-NS |
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What does the hypothalamus control? |
> the Autonomic-NS (blood pressure, temperature) *** is this directly or indirectly thru the release of GCH's??! > the Pituitary gland (controls secretion) |
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What specific action does Aldosterone have on the body? |
> Promotes re-absorption of sodium ions in the DCT > Promotes secretion of Potassium into DCT |
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From where is Renin secreted and why? |
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (within Nephrons of Kidneys) > It senses low blood volume/pressure & releases Renin as a response |
The JGA is a point of contact between the afferent arteriole and the DCT. It easily detect when blood-pressure begins to fall low |
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True or False? Aquaporins in the DCT remain closed unless ADH is present. |
True! |
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True or False? Aquaporins in the DCT remain open unless ADH is present. |
False! =closed! |
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Where is ADH produced? |
Hypothalamus |
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True or False? ADH is secreted into the bloodstream from the hypothalamus. |
False, > it is secreted from the posterior Pituitary Gland (but produced by the hypothalamus) |
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Natriuresis: |
>Refers to the secretion of Na ions into the DCT, due to the presence of ANH > Water is always secreted with this salt (because an osmotic gradient has been created) |
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What specific actions does ANH have on the body? |
> Inhibits secretion of renin & aldosterone > causes secretion of sodium & water (natriuresis) |
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Name an example of a steroid hormone: |
Aldosterone |
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What class of hormones produce slower, but longer lasting results? Why? |
Steroid Hormones > Protein synthesis takes longer than the enzymatic cascade of peptide hormones |
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Where are steroid hormones produced? |
Only in: > Adrenal Cortex > ovaries/testes |
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Where are peptide hormones produced? |
Most endocrine glands |
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Name an example of a peptide hormone: |
Epinephrine |
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Name the hormones of the thyroid gland |
> Thyroxine (T4) > triiodothyronine (T3) > Calcitonin |
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What is the difference between Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine? |
> thyroxine (t4) has 4 iodine ions > Triiodothyronine has 3 iodine ions |
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True or False? Thyroid hormones stimulate all cells of the body to increase their rate of metabolism. |
True, So in other words, there is no target cell |
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What is the difference between contracting hypothyroidism as a child vs as an adult? |
> Congenital Hypothyroidism (child), results in short stocky body size and mental retardation > Myxedema (adult) results in lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, puffy skin, low pulse |
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Are goiters the result of hyper- or hypo-thyroidism? > What causes them? |
> Hyperthyroidism > There is not enough iodine in the diet to produce T4 & T3. Therefore, the ant. pituitary gland continuously releases TSH, which causes the thyroid to enlarge |
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Aside from goiters, what else is a result of hyperthyroidism? |
Edema in eye causes eye to bulge from its socket |
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What type of goiter is caused by hyperthyroidism? |
Exophthalamic Goiter |
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What are the target cells of calcitonin? |
osteoclasts > reduces their activity Osteoblasts > causes them to deposit calcium on bones |
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What is another name for vitamin D? |
Calcitrol |
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What are the functions of Parathyroid Hormone? |
> PTH causes osteoclasts to remove calcium from blood (Raise blood-calcium levels) > PTH activates vitamin D, which encourages calcium resorption in kidneys and absorption in small intestine |
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What are the target cells of PTH? |
- Osteoclasts (stimulated) - Vitamin D (stimulated) Double check with textbook |
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True or false? Hypoparathyroidism can cause seizures, heart failure, and death. |
True |
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Hypoparathyoidism refers to what? |
Insufficient production of PTH (happened alot because surgeons accidentally removed the Parathyroid glands along with the thyroid) |
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What symptoms result from Hypoparathyroidism? |
- Dramatic drop in blood-calcium - Excessive nerve excitability > this results in Tetany (continuous muscle contraction/shaking) |
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Hypothyroidism results in which of the following? - tetanus - tetany - tenacity - tenuity |
tetany (shaking from continuous muscle contraction) |
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What are side effects of untreated Hyperparathyroidism? |
- Osteoporosis (because osteoclasts are continuosly stripping calcium from bones) - Calcium kidney Stones (from high blood-calcium) |
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What is the function of the adrenal medulla? |
REGULATES short term stress response by releasing epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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What is the function of the adrenal cortex? |
ACTIVATES our long term stress response by releasing Glucocorticoids & Mineralcorticoids |
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What is the function of Mineralcorticoids? Where are they secreted from? |
Secreted by the adrenal cortex > Cause retention of Na ions (raises blood volume/pressure) |
Corticoid = cortisol (stress) mineral = sodium (blood pressure) ***Corticoids from Cortex!! |
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What is the function of Glucocorticoids? Where are they secreted from? |
Secreted from the adrenal cortex > Cause increase in blood glucose, because they switch metabolisim to focus on fatty acids & protein (Muscle protein gets EATEN!!! Plus, I guess all that glycogen gets converted into adipose) >ALSO causes reduction of inflammation & suppression of immune system > ALSO releases small amounts of glucogonadocorticoids (sex hormone precursors... Probs estradiol) |
***Corticoids from Cortex!!! * gluco = blood glucose
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What organ is responsible for hypo/hyper-secretion of glucogonadocorticoids? > what are diseases related with this? |
> adrenal cortex (*corticoids from cortex!) > Cushings syndrome (hyper) > Addisons disease (hypo) |
gonado=gonads = testosterone precursor & estradiol |
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When is diabetes 1 typically contracted? > what effect does it have? |
diabetes mellitus > juvenile onset > body destroys insulin, so there is no method for reducing blood sugar levels |
*diabetes 1 = 1st stages in life whereas 2 = adulthood (typically) |
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When is diabetes 2 typically contracted? > what effect does it have? |
> adult onset > Insulin receptors get "tired"/damaged from overuse (adipose tissues secrete a damaging substance) > essentially the body becomes resistant to insulin |
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What are some effects of testosterone? |
- growth of penis & testes - baldness +oil+sweat glands? - muscle strength - secondary sex characteristics |
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What are some effects of estrogen? |
- growth of uterus and vagina - egg maturation - secondary sex characteristics |
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What are the effects of insulin on the body? |
> blood-glucose converts to glycogen (stores in liver*)=lowers blood glucose > Muscles* store glycogen to build protein (= lowers blood-glucose) > Adipose* uses glucose to form fat (= lowers blood glucose) |
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This hormone, which regulates blood pressure, is released from the posterior pituitary. > What function does it have? |
> ADH (antidiuretic hormone) > causes kidneys to retain water > Stimulates production of aldosterone |
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What is prolactin and where is it produced? |
> a hormone that regulates milk production > anterior pituitary gland |
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What is the function of adrenocorticothrophic hormone? > from where is it released? |
> stimulates the adrenal cortex > from the anterior pituitary |
* remember corticoids are from the cortex! except for corticotrophic = starts the cortex! >trophic = food chain... so corticotrophic is higher on the chain! (from the pituitary/master gland) |
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What is an example of a mineralcorticoid? |
> aldosterone (mineralcorticoid raises blood pressure thru Na retention)... remember aldosterone is released from the adrenal glands! |
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what is an example of a glucocorticoid? |
cortisol (remember glucocorticoids = long term stress; make you fat & breakdown muscle) |
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What hormone causes colour change in some animals, but has an unknown effect in humans? > where is it produced? |
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) (stimulates melanocytes in animals... i.e. in fish) > anterior pituitary |
think melanin = skin colour |
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What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? |
- ADH (produces aldosterone + retains water in kidneys) - oxytocin (targets uterus, mammary g's) |
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What is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system? |
hypothalamus |
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What is the general function of the hypothalamus? |
- communicates with Autonomic Nervous system(homeostasis: temperature, blood pressure) - controls secretion from the pituitary gland |
control of anterior pituitary: via hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones |
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What are the hormones of the hypothalamus and what are their functions? In what structure (within the hypothalamus) are these hormones produced? |
> hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones: control the anterior pituitary > ADH & Oxytocin: travel to axon terminals in the pituitary gland
> These hormones are produced in neurosecretory cells (in hypothalamus) |
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What are the target tissues/organs of the hypothalamus? |
- Anterior Pituitary gland -kidneys Check txrbook |
* remember the posterior pituitary simply stores and regulates ADH and oxytocin... it is not acted upon by the hypothalamus > the anterior pituitary is directly controlled by the hypothalamic releasing hormones |
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what are the chief functions of oxytocin? >where is it produced/released from? |
> stimulates milk production + uterine contractions > produced in hypothalamus > released from pituitary gland |
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What are the target cells/organs of oxytocin? |
- uterus - mammary glands |
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When is ADH released into the bloodstream? > from where is it released? > what are its target cells/organs? |
> released when blood pressure is low > released from posterior pituitary > targets the kidneys (aquaporins in the renal tubules) |
* posterior pituitary: - think "postman"... he simply delivers the package, he doesn't make it |
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What section of the pituitary gland produces hormones, and which section simply releases/stores hormones? |
> Posterior Pituitary stores+releases > anterior produces + releases |
> * posterior pituitary:- think "postman"... he simply delivers the package, he doesn't make it |
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What is the function/target cells of Growth Hormone? > where is it produced? |
> porduced in anterior pituitary > stimulates growth in bones and soft tissue |
(soft tissue = muscles and tendons/ligaments) |
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What are the gonadotrophic hormones? > Where are they produced? > function? |
> they are Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH) > stimulate egg/sperm production & sex hormone production in gonads > produced in anterior pituitary |
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Where is adrenocorticotrophic hormone produced? > target cells? > function? |
> produced in anterior pituitary > targets the adrenal cortex stimulates production of corticoids (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids) |
cortico= to the cortex corticoid = from cortex |
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Where are epinephrine + norepinephrine produced? > Target cells? |
> produced in adrenal medulla > = short term stress response > targets cardiac + smooth muscles |
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What controls the thyroid gland? > how? |
> anterior pituitary gland > releases Thyroid stimulating hormone (this is what causes goiters= non-stop stimulation) |
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List the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland: |
- LH, FSH (gonadotrophic) - TSH (Thyroid stimulating) - MSH (melanocyte stimulating) - adrenalcorticotrophic hormone - Prolactin - Growth Hormone |
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What are the phyisological effects of epinephrine in the blood? > From where is it released? |
> released from the adrenal medulla > increases blood pressure + heartrate > increases blood glucos (energy available) > muscles become energized > target organs = muscles (skeletal=energized), muscles (GI=shutdown), |
> *medulla = short term stress respons * cortex = corticoids (cortisol stimulating) = long term stress response |
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What are the target cells/organs of mineralcorticoids? Where are MC's released from? |
> kidneys (aldosterone) > MC's (aldosterone) is released from the adrenal cortex |
corticoids from cortex |
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What are the target cells/organs of glucocorticoids? where are GC's released from? What is another name for glucocorticoids? |
> All cells are targeted! (glucose levels are spiked in blood, fatty acid & protein metabolism is initiated: liver, muscles, and adipose all play a part) > from adrenal cortex > glucocorticoids=cortisol |
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what are the target cells of estrogen/progesterone? > where produced? > what function? |
> produced in ovaries > target gonads, muscles, bones, skin > stimulates female sex characteristics |
> these are all the basic componenets of our physical features (what makes us physically attractive) |
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> What are the target cells of testosterone? > Where produced? > what function? |
> produced in testes > targets skin, bones, muscles, gonads > Stimulates male sex characteristics
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What are the hormones produced by the pancreas? > what functions do they have? > target cells? |
> insulin (lowers blood sugar: liver, muscles, fat), glucagon (raises blood sugar: fat, liver) |
* the glucose is gone! = glucagon |
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> describe the difference between estrogen and progesterone |
$ |
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where is aldosteone produced? |
adrenal cortex (mineralcorticoid) |
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Where is insulin produced? |
B cells of the pancreas |
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Where is glucagon produced? |
A Cells of the pancreas |
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Describe the hormones (& their effects) involved in salt/water balance of the body: |
RENIN > produced (kidney) when blood p. is low > creates aldosterone ALDOSTERONE > produced (adrenal cortex) when renin is present > causes Na retention in DCT ADH |
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This area of the kidney is continuous with the ureter |
Renal pelvis |
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where are the renal pyramids located |
renal medulla |
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ammonia is produced by breakdown of what? |
urea |
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too much uric acid can lead to _____________ |
gout |
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ammonia + carbon dioxide= |
urea |
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what affect do diuretics have on thebody? |
inhibit secretion of ADH = increased flow of urine |
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All of the following are normally found in urine except: - glucose - sodium ions - uric acid - urea - creatinine |
glucose |
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How much of cardiac output passes thru the kidneys? |
20% *2 kidneys = 20% |
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the targets of angiotensin 2 are blood vessels and ______________ |
adrenal cortex |
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the hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is ____________ - cortisol - ACTH - TSH - thyroxine - none |
thyroxine (probs triiodothyronine as well) |
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which of the following is the same for the nervous and endocrine systems? -time delay - duration of response - negative feedback mechanism - chemicals secreted - non |
negative feedback mechanism |
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what organ/gland produces a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells? |
kidney |
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what is the difference between the function of aldosterone and ADH? |
ADH opens aquaporins in DCT whereas Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium ions > ADH also stimulates production of aldosterone (ithink) |
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