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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune system
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defense against pathogens, damaged and aged cells
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3 qualities of IS
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specificity, Memory, distinguish self from nonself
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Specificity
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ability to recognize individual pathogens
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Autoimmunity
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failure to recognize self from nonself
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Memory
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remember what is bad
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Immune system encompasses
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body barriers, lymphatic system, cells of many types
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Body barriers
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(skin, secretions, mucus
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Lymphatic system
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composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes and organs
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Lymphatic system function
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The absorption of excess fluid and its return to the blood stream
b) Absorption of fat (in the villi of the small intestine) The immune system function |
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2 types of immunity
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Innate, Acquired
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Innate immunity
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non specific
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Acquired
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specific
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larger lymph vessels are similar to
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veins
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What causes mvmt of lymph fluid?
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Contraction of skeletal muscles to mv through valves
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What do lymph organs consist of?
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Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
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What produces lymphocytes?
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Bone marrow tissue
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B lymphocytes
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Bcells mature in bone marrow
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T lymphocytes
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Tcells mature in thymus gland
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What other blood cells are produced in Bone Marrow?
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Monocytes, & Leukocytes
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What are lymph nodes?
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areas of concentrated lymphocytes and macrophages along lymphatic veins
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Spleen is
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similar to lymph nodes, except its larger and filled w/ blood
-serves as resovoir and filters lymph fluids & blood |
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If spleen is damamged?
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individual more suseptible to infections
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What hormone does the thymus secrete?
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Thymosin, causes pre tcells to mature in the thymus into T cells
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Pluripotent Stem cells
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Myeloid Stem cells, & Lymphoid Stem Cells
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Myeloid Stem cells
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Erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, or basophils
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Neutrophils
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Leukocyte, Most Abundant, 60-70% of all WBC
-attracted to & enter affected tissue, engulfing & destroy microbes - tend to self destruct by phagocytosis (after eating invader kill themselves as puss) -life span only few days |
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Internal defenses
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phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, Inflammatory response, Natural killer cells
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Non phagocytic
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called Natural Killers
-patrol body & attack virus infected body & cancer cells -once attached release chemicals lead to apoptosis |
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Macrophages
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develop from Monocytes, located in tissue, LARGE
-engulfs & degrades bacterium, displays peptide Ag Complex 2/ MHC II |
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Monocyte
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- 5%
-circulate for few hrs then migrate into tissue then transform into Macrophage |
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Eosinophils % & function
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20% of total
attack mulitcellular parasite U shaped nucleus & granules |
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Basophils
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release Histamine & other chemical signals
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CD4
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-T lymphocyte
-surface protein present on most Helper T cells -bind class MHC II |
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CD8
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-T Lymphocyte
-surface protein present on most CYTOTOXIC T cell -binds to MHC I |
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B lymphocytes
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-response to extracellular pathogens (bacteria, transplant tissue, or transfused blood cells)
-differentiate into plasma cells which produce Antibodies in Humoral Response (CD4) |
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Lymphoid stem cells
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T Cells & B cells
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Innate Immunity definition
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means that it is present at the time of birth
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1st of defense
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Skin, skin secretions(mucous membranes), lysozymes(present in mm), acidity
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2nd line of defense
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Phagocytic white blood cells
Macrophages Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response |
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Antimicrobial proteins consist of
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Complement protein
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Complement system
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group of 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phago, or lyse pathogen.
-activated in cascade initiated by surface antigens on microrganisms or Ag Ab complex |
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2 specific responses if 1st & 2nd line of defense fail
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Humoral Response(Antibodies)
Cell Mediated Response(cytotoxic lymphocytes) |
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Humoral Response
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free floating
- synthesis & release of Ab which are produced in the B lymphocytes |
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Plasma cells
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activated B lymphoctes
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What type of ribosomes make Ab?
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Bound ribosomes
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Antibodies
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proteins that recognize marker on target cells(antigens)
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Immunoglobin
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aka Antibody
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Antigen
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any portion of foreign entity that can be used for recog by immune cells
any substances that cause a Humoral response |
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Epitope
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recognition portion of Antigen
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Is a Immune response is quicker if an Ag has 1 or 3 epitopes?
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3
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Mast cells
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present in tissues
Histamine, Heparin, Prostaglandin, Leukotrine, Cytokines |
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Histamine
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dilates blood vessels, leads to local edema
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Heparin
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anticoagulant
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Prostaglandin
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allows to detect pain
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Platelets cause
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blood clotting
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Blood clotting procedure
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Prothrombin(inactive form of protein) goes to Thrombin which then activates Fibrinogen(inactive form) to active Fibrin to have cross-linked fibrin clot
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Name five classes of Ab(Immunoglobins)
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IgG- most abundant
IgD-naive B cell, Ag receptor IgE-mast cells, histamine IgA-breast milk, saliva IgM-pentamer |
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IgG
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most abundant
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Process of forming Ab in Humoral Response
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1. Macrophage ingest pathogen via phago
2. Macrophage patrols tissue, finds pathogen and chomps it up.Part of it is on top, the epitope is held by MHC II 3. the cell is Ag presenting cell (APC)-helper T 4. Communication w. crine |
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Primary Response
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virgin B cells
Lag 4-7 days Peak 7-10 Mag of peak Varies Ab affinity Low |
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Secondary Response
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Memory B cells
Lag 1-3 days Peak 3-5 days Mag of peak 100-1000x faster than 1* Ab affinity HIGH |
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What happens if invader, invades a cell?
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Ab cant get in, so it puts up a MHC I (cell mediated response)
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MHC I process
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Helper T cells patrolling to find MHC I, attaches to the cell making it APC.
2. Helper T seeks out cytoxic T cell(killer), other become memory. 3. Cytotoxic T locates MHC I and shoots Perforin(protein to destroy cell) 4. Toxin then exposed to macrophages 5. receptor medicated pinocytosis |
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Who is the field general of our body?
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Helper T cells because they will activate B cell or T cells
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HIV
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attacks helper T cells and kills them, fall below 200 cc then you have AIDS
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Virus
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protein sac that surrounding a nucleic acid core
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Intracellular parasite
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dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA
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Type of ssRNA
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retrovirus: have reverse transcriptase RNA to DNA
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What is the main function of the 2nd line of defense? How?
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-To prevent invader from spreading.
-Antimicrobial proteins(inactive in the abscence of infection) create complement sys. that causes cell to lyse. |
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What is the most common cell type in Humoral response?
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Macrophage
-Macrophage engulfs pathogen & APC (macrophage) displays epitope in complex proteins. |
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What types of cells become APC?
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Phagocytic cells (Neuro/Microlia, Dendritic cells) Microphages
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Where is the greatest pressure at capillary?
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Greastest pressue is at the proximal capillary.
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Where is material pushed out, and where is material taken in?
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Pushed out proximal capillary, taken in at distal capillary.
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What gas do we inhale? Exhale? How many moles?
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Inhale O2, exhale CO2
-Glucose+6 moles of O2 yields 6moles of CO2+6moles of H2O |
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What type of control is breathing under?
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Autonomic control
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What is the Tidal vol, Residual Vol, & Vital Capacity?
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T-500mL
R-1500mL V- 4-5L |
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Do any of these values consume all of the air? Reason?
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Neithr tidal or vital consumes all air in lungs. Residual remains in lungs, mechanical reason large surface area cant force out, survival reason to prevent sticking together.
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The air we inhale has a pressure of 160mmHg, what is the pressure when the air reaches the lungs?
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Gas reaches lungs its 104mmHg/O2, 40mmHG/CO2 b/c total pressure is different internally, as well as % comp due to water vapor in lungs.
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How long do RBC live?
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120 days, 4 mos.
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How much Hb per RBC? How much O2 per RBC?
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250 million Hb per RBC
1million per RBC |
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Bohr shift?
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Decrease in ph, causes shift to right which means holds O2 less strongly, and less saturated.
-positive cooperativity |
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Haldane effect?
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binding of CO to 1 of the O2 binding sites of Hb, causes dissociation curve to shift to left. (O2 binds more tightly)
-Negative cooperativity |
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How much blood do Humans have?
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5L of blood
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How many Erythrocytes per cc of blood?
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5-6million
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How many Leukocytes per cc of blood?
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5-10 thousand
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How many platelets per cc of blood?
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250-400 thousand
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How do internal stimuli affect the beating of the heart?
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myogenic of heart, can stimulate its own action potential/ waves of excitation
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What type of external stimuli affect the heart?
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Neuronal or hormonal stimuli causes heart to slow or speed
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Which vessels have the greatest cross section?
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Capillaries
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Where is the velocity/systolic pressure the highest?
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Aorta
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Where is the velocity/systolic pressure the lowest?
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Capillaries
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What adaptation does the Aorta have?
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multiple bands of muscle to resist change.
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Descrbe % breakdown & fate of CO2 leaving tissue?
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70% carried as bicarbonate
23% bound to Hb 7% dissolved in plasma |
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How is Co2 carried in blood?
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Diffusing thru CSF reacts w/ H2O to form Carbonic acid & lowers pH--by enzyme Carbonic Anhydrogenase
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HCO3 is made by what enzyme?
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Carbonic dehydrogenase
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