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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue
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groups of like cells organized to perform a common function
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Types of Tissue
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
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What does Epithelial tissue cover?
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External surfaces & all body cavities(internal linings)
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What is Epithelial tissue exposed to?
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Air or Fluid & other side to other tissue by basement membrane
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What causes cells to exhibit polarity?
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Apical & Basal Surfaces
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What is cellular polarity?
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consist of cells with different functions b/c made of different proteins
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How is polarity prevented?
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by tight junctions
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How is epithelial tissue classified?
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by shape of cell on the free surface, & by number of cell layers present
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Name number of cell layers
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Simple: one layer
Stratified:2 or more cell layers Pseudostratified:appearance of more than one layer but nucleus is located in different areas |
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Name shape of cells
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Cubodial-cube like
Columnar-column like Squamous-flattened & thin |
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Overall function of Epithelial Tissue
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Protection, secretion, absorption, filtration
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Ex. of Epithelial Tissue
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Glands(endocrine & exocrine)
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Connective Tissue
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most diverse tissue type
cells typically produce the matrix |
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Basic structure of Connective Tissue
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consists of cells that produce a matrix or ground substance
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Types of Connective Tissue
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Dense, Loose, Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood(special tissue)
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Loose(areolar) Connective Tissue
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less protein per unit fibers per unit volume than dense
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What is the function of Loose Connective Tissue?
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binds epithelia to underlying tissues and also functions as packing material(hold organs in place) & fat storage(adipose,triglycerides, nucl flattened)
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What is the structure of Loose Connective Tissue?
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Primarily of fibroblasts
Variety of cells embedded in a matrix of protein fibers |
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Name the types of Loose Connective Tissue?
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Collagenous, Elastic, Reticular
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Collagenous- Tissue type? Made of? Purpose?
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loose connective tissue
made of protein collagen provides tensile strength |
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Where is loose connective tissue found?
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beneath epithelial tissue and as packing material
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What is Dense connective tissue?
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more fibers per unit volume that LCT
Can be regular or irregular |
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What does regular dense connective tissue make up?
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ligaments=bone to bone
tendons=muscle to bone |
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Name all type of dense connective tissue?
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Cartilage, Bone, Blood
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What is cartilage made of?
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Chrondrocytes in a matrix of collagen fibers & chondroitin surface(b/w joints-bone ex. nose, pinea ear) Provides Shape
Connective Tissue |
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What is Bone made of?
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Osteocytes in a matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate
Connective Tissue |
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What is Blood made of?
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many cell types in a matrix of plasma
Connective Tissue |
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What is the purpose of muscle?
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responsible for movement
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What does muscle consist of?
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many elongated cells called muscle fibers
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Skeletal muscle
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-STRIATED, allows for greater movement
-can contract in both directions(longer, shorter, fat, thin) -UNBRANCHED(parallel to ea. other) for tensile strength -VOLUNTARY(I control it) |
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Smooth Muscle
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UNSTRIATIED:limited motion
UNBRANCHED: no need for special communication INVOLUNTARY |
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Cardiac Muscle
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STRIATED: for movement
BRANCHED:connections for communication & conduction INVOLUNTARY |
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Where is cardiac muscle found?
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Primary muscle of heart
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Where is skeletal muscle found?
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Connected to bone
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Where is smooth muscle found?
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Surrounds digestive tract, line arteries, reproductive system
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Fibroblast
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located in loose & dense CT, embedded in a matrix of protein fibers
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Elastin
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protein in loose & dense CT, causes elasticity(wrinkles, skin sag)
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Basement membrane
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extracellular matrix where collagen is found in animals
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Where are Squamous cells found?
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areas that exchange gas, areolar sacs in lungs, capillaries
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Where are Columnar cells found?
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areas for absorption
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Where are Stratified squamous cells found?
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lining of digestive tract, prone to abrasion
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Where are Cuboidal cells found?
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areas for secretion, kidneys
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Nervous Tissue consist of
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neurons & glial cells
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Neurons
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transmit impulses, 10% neurons(use all)
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Glial cells
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support cells, 90% vol of human nervous system
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Purpose of Nervous tissue
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responsible for communication in body
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Organs
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group of tissues organized to perform particular function in body(all organs have all 4 types of tissue)
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Organ system
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group of organs & tissue to perform function to maintain homeostasis
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Name organ systems
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Reproductive
Respiratory GI Excretory Endocrine Circulatory Immune Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous |
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What is homeostasis?
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maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the faze of changing conditions; typically ext
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What are regulators?
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as temp increases org temp stays the same
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What are conformers?
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as temp increases, ext increases
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General mechanisms of homeostasis
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Negative & Positive Feedback
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Negative feedback
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most common, end product inhibits process
A---B---C add enzyme to A-B will inhibit C |
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Positive feedback
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end product stimulate reaction
A---B---C add enzyme to A-B will formulate C |
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Purpose of NS
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detect environmental stimuli, integrate information and formulatae a response
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Name 2 parts of Human NS
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CNS & PNS
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CNS consist of
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Brain & Spinal Cord
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PNS consist of
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Sensory (Afferent) & Motor (efferent)
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Sensory Nerves Division
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Afferent
Sensing Ext. & Int. Enviro. |
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Motor Division (Efferent)
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Autonomic NS, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic
Somatic NS |
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Parasympathetic
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No stimulus
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Sympathetic
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Stimulus
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Tissues in Nervous System
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Nervous, Connective, Epithelial, Muscle
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Cells in Nervous System
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Neurons (10% of vol.), Glial cells (90% of vol.)
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Types of Neurons
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Motor Neurons
Interneurons Sensory Neurons |
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Motor Neurons
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transmit info away fro CNS
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Interneurons
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make up CNS
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Sensory Neurons
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send info to CNS
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Glial cells
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support cells
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Astrocytes
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-cover capillaries to feed the brain from the so called blood brain barrier
-Glial cell -"the housekeepers, nursemaids, & hand servants of the neurons", maintain the ECM |
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Schwann cells
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make mylin sheath in vertebrate motor neurons
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Oligodendrites
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make myelin sheath in some interneuron
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Microglial
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resident in-house immune system of the brain & cord
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Parts of neuron
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Dendrites, Axon, Axon Hillock, Terminal buds, soma/cell body, myelin sheath
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Dendrites
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small projections that receive information
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Axon
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transmits information
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Axon Hillock
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area in between cell body & axon
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Soma or Cell body
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area in between cell body & axon
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Myelin Sheath
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-produced by Schwann Cells
-allows faster conduction |
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How are neurons classified by
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number of projections coming off
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Bipolar interneuron
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2 projections
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Unipolar
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Sensory Neuron,
One projection |
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Multipolar
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Motor Neuron,
Many projections Most common |
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How do Neurons work?
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Membrane potentials
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Sodium
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More outside the cell
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Potassium
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more inside the cell than out
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Chlorine
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more outside the cell than inside
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Membrane Potential inside cell
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-70mV, K most important b/c more of those channels
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Na/K pump
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3 Na out, 1 K in
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