Bio 2 Test 2 Chapter 30 The Evolution Of Plants

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Whisk ferns

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Psilophyta

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Horse tails

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Sphenophyta

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In plant evolution...

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Seeds(stronger multicellular)replace spores(unicellular)by main modes of dispersial

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Seed has 3 parts

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embryo, Endosperm(starch), and seed coat

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Seed plants

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evolution of pollen, vehicle that transports sperm without water

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Pinus

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Phylum Coniferophyta
Pine tree gymnosperm (naked seed no ovary surrounding seeds). Insect/Wind pollenated, sperm nuclei(no flaggellum) land and spits out two sperm nuclei.

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pollen grains

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The structures that contain the male gametophyte of seed plants.

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gymnosperm

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Naked seed no ovary surrounding seeds
>Coniferophyta(largest group of gymnosperm):
Pinetree(Pinus)
,Firs,Spruce,Hemlock
>Cycadophyta:Florida coontie
(Zamia pulima), Sago palm
>Ginkgophyta:Gingko
(Gingko biloba)
>Gnetophyta: Ephedra

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Angiosperm

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Ovary surrounding seeds

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All seed plants are heterosporous

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the devolpment of seed is assicated with megasporangum

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Ovule to seed

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The ovule is the structure found in seed plants that devolps into a seed after fertilization.

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pollination

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The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process that is a prerequisite for fertilization.

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integument

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Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant. Devolps into the seed coat after fertilazation

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From Ovule to Seed

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1.Megasporangium surround by prtective layer called integument, with inner megaspore(n). 2. After Pollen grain(n) is discharged they bind becoming embryo (2n)

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In pine cones sections are called...

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scale (leaves) sporophyll

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gymnosperms

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are plants that have “naked” seeds that are not enclosed in ovaries. Their seeds are exposed on modified leaves that usually form cones (strobili)

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angiosperm

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seeds are enclosed in fruits, which are mature ovaries.

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Long pine needles

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reduce water loss, are well adapted to dry conditions

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Male and female gametophyte in pine trees

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Male gametophyte = pollen grain,
Female gametophyte = consit of multicellar nutritive tissue and an archengunium that devolps with an ovuale

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In pine trees...

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it may take a year or so after pollenation for fertilaztion to take place. The life cycle can take up to three years

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Phylum Cycadophyta "cycads"

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The cycads have 100 species goes bac to dinosaurs. Flagelleted sperm, (Zamia Pumila, 'Florida Coontie') is gymnosperm(naked seed) Also Sago Palm ( has large cone and palmlike leaves)

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Phylum Ginkgophyta

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(Ginkgo biloba)- for memory lives for hundereds of years, flesh seed contains butyric acid , oxiginates the brain for memory

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Phylum Gnetophyta

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Ephedra - used for weight loss
*Welwitshia miracilis - largest leaves in the world huge tap root lives thousands of years, Gnetum - tree or vine

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Flower and Fruit

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The anthor produce microspores---> Produce pollen---> the male gametophyte

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Stigma

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The sticky part of a flower′s carpel, which traps pollen grains.

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Pollen Tube

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leads down the the embryo sac which contains eight haploid nuclei in 7 cells

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stamen

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The pollen–producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.

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Two Classes of Flowering Plants

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Monocots x 3 ( Corn, Grass)Parellel veins, roots fibrous no main root,

Dicots x 5 (Beans) netlike veins, taproot usually present

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Cotyledon

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a seed leaf is were food is stored

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Ovulate cone or Pistillate cone

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Contains megaspore (female gametophye) eggs(n), is composed of scales sometimes called sporophyll(produce spores), seeds were between the scales.

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Pollen Cone or Staminate cone

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Contains microsporangium (male gametophyte)pollen grains

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Pinus Pollen

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pollen grain of pinetree(pinus) these grains have bladders or wings which help them 'fly' on air currents and also have pollen tube. Phylum Coniferophyta
gymnosperm naked seeds

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Phloem and Xylem

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Phloem conduct food or sugar up.
Xylem conduct water and minerals down

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Phylum Anthophyta

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All angiosperms, 2 classes moncot and dicot

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Carpel/Pistill(Female) 3 parts

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1. Stigma(ticky part of a flower′s carpel)
2. Style(leads to the ovary at the base of the carpel, which contains one or more ovules)
3. Ovary (the portion of a carpel in which the egg–containing ovules develop)

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Stamen (male) 2 parts

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1. Anther (produce microspore, pollen)
2. Filament ( The stalk of a stamen)

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micropyle

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After reaching the ovary, the pollen tube penetrates through the micropyle

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double fertilization

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A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.