Bio 2 - Test 1

Front 1

Science

Back 1

System of understanding phys. world thru research

Front 2

Research

Back 2

Objective collection of data - observable facts

Front 3

Scientific method

Back 3

Objective & repeatable process used to gain knowledge

1. Observe

2. Hypothesize (inductive)

3. Deduce predictions (deductive)

4. Test w. empirical evidence

5. Evaluate

Front 4

Scientific theory

Back 4

Well substantiated explanation using facts, laws, tested hypotheses

Front 5

Are scientific theories ever proven?

Back 5

No, no matter how much evidence you have

Front 6

Law

Back 6

Generalization of how some aspect behaves under stated circumstances. Explains what will happen, not why/how

Front 7

Religion

Back 7

Understanding world through historical belief

Front 8

Philosophy

Back 8

Understanding world through rational argument

Front 9

Steps to scientific research

Back 9

Results presented in paper, paper undergoes peer review, published in primary literature

Front 10

Pseudoscience

Back 10

Doesn't adhere to scientific method but claims to be scientific - uses anecdotal evidence, cherry picking, scientific language, ad ignorantiam

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Applied research

Back 11

Attempts to solve practical problems or bring a product to market

Front 12

Fundamental research

Back 12

Science focused on expanding knowledge of universe

Front 13

What is life?

Back 13

Something that can metabolize, reproduce, evolve

Front 14

4.6 BYA

Back 14

Sun and planets allegedly form

Front 15

4.6-3.9 BYA

Back 15

Meteoritic bombardment and volcanic activity create reducing atmosphere

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3.9 BYA

Back 16

Reducing atmosphere (high hydrogen, no free oxygen, thick with water vapor)

Front 17

3.9 BYA onward

Back 17

First cells appear

Front 18

Miller and Urey constructed...

Back 18

Early earth atmosphere (formed organic compounds of inorganic)

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RNA

Back 19

Self replicates

Self splices

Catalyzes

Possess genotype and phenotype

Front 20

Protobiont

Back 20

Aggregate of abiotically produced organic molecules surrounded by membrane like structure

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First cells were....

Back 21

Chemoautotrophs, rely on chemosynthesis to produce glucose from chemicals like sulfer and methane

Front 22

Stromatolites 3.5 BYA

Back 22

First photoautotrophs. Rock like structures comprised of layering photosynthetic bacteria and sediment over time. Oldest known fossils.

Front 23

History of life

Back 23

Front 24

Stromatolites are imp bc

Back 24

saturated the atmosphere w oxygen

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Endosymbiotic model

Back 25

Eukaryotic model

Proposed by Lynn Margulis

Small prokaryotes enter host as prey or parasites

Host gain selective advantage

Host and endosymbionts become single organism

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Evidence for endosymbiotic model

Back 26

Organelles....

Biochem homologous to prokaryotes

Replicate via binary fission, like them

Possess own DNA

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3 domains of life (bacteria, eucarya, archaea)

Back 27

By 2.1 BYA firmly estab.

Front 28

Oldest multicellular lineage?

Back 28

1.5 bya

Front 29

Why the multicellular evolution?

Back 29

Specialized cells

Front 30

Phanerozoic Eon division

Back 30

Cenozoic, mesozoic, paleozoic

Front 31

Lass mass extinction?

Back 31

Cretaceous period, in the mesozoic era, in the phanerozoic eon

65 mya

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Cambrian explosion

Back 32

Diversification of animals. 550 mya

Front 33

Geologic timescale

Back 33

Front 34

Cenozoic era division?

Back 34

Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene

Front 35

Mesozoic era division? Age of what?

Back 35

Dinosaurs. 250 mya

Cretaceous, jurassic, Triassic

Front 36

Paleozoic era division?

Back 36

Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian

Front 37

Cenzoic era age of what?

Back 37

Mammals

Front 38

Cambrian explosion caused by

Back 38

Inc in o2 in atmosphere

Hox genes

Diversifying selection

Front 39

Evolution

Back 39

Change in allele freq over time

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Locus

Back 40

Specific location of a gene, DNA seq on a chromosome

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Pop.

Back 41

Group of interbreeding individuals

Front 42

Gene pool

Back 42

Total aggregate of alleles in a pop

Front 43

How do pops evolve

Back 43

Migration (gene flow)

Mutation

Genetic drift

Selection

Front 44

Genetic drift

Back 44

Random change in allele frq over time

Front 45

Selection

Back 45

Mechanism that shapes adaptations via differential reproductive success amongst different genotypes

Front 46

Selection greatly enhanced when

Back 46

Overpop of offspring - more choices

Front 47

Modes of selection

Back 47

Stabilizing

Disruptive

Directional

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Hardy Weinberg theorem

Back 48

P+q=1

Allele genotype freq

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Where does genetic variation come from

Back 49

Mutation - substitution, insertion

Meiosis

Crossing over

Random fertilization of gametes

Front 50

Where do new species come from

Back 50

A new breeding pop

Reduced gene flow btwn new and original pop

Time

Leads to reproductive isolation

Adaptive radiation

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Adaptive radiation

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Rapid species diversification thru single common ancestor

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Drift most effective in

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Small pops

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How does reproductive isolation evolve

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Prezygotic barriers

1. Premating

2. Postmating prezygotic

Postzygotic barriers

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Prezygotic barriers

Postzygotic

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Impede fertilization

Prevents successful reproduction of offspring

Front 55

Prezygote barriers

Back 55

Habitat isolation, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic (cricket example)

Front 56

Post zygote barriers

Back 56

Reduced hybrid viability

Reduced hybrid fertility

Hybrid breakdown

Front 57

Species

Back 57

Abstract construct that defines groups

Front 58

Biological species concept

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Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural pops that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Doesn't apply to fossils, asexual orgs,

Front 59

Allopatric speciation

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Geographic separation restricts gene flow (river, valley)

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Sympatic speciation

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No geographic sep; biological factors reduce gene flow

Front 61

Anagenesis

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Gradual change from one species into another

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Cladogenesis

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Branching of one or more new species from a parent species

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Gradualism

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Speciation occurs gradually over time

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Punctuated eq

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Speciation occurs by periods of rapid change followed by stasis; leaves impression of fossil record gaps

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Microevolution

Back 65

Evo within a pop or species on a generational timescale

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Macroevolution

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Evolution across species on a geological timescale

Front 67

Systematics

Back 67

Study of biological diversity and it's origins

Front 68

Phylogenetics

Back 68

Tool used to study evolutionary history

Front 69

Phylogeny

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Pattern of lineage branching

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Internal node

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Last common ancestor

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Terminal node

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Extant species

Front 72

Synapomorphy/homology

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A characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared by its evolutionary deacendents

Shared derived new

Front 73

Methods fossil aging

Back 73

Radioactive decay, index fossils, magnetism in rock

Front 74

Rock types

Back 74

Igneous-cooled magma, abs. Aging

Sedimentary- most fossils

Metamorphic- radiometrically dated

Front 75

Molecular clock

Back 75

Tech used to relate molecular differences between two lineages to their absolute time since divergence

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Homoplasy/analogous

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Structures appear similar, formed independently

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Convergent evo

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Two distinct traits form independently (analogous/homoplasy)

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Binomial

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Official name of every species

Consists of genus and species

Order family genus species

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Plesiomorphy

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Ancestral character (old)

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Autopomorphy

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Unique derived

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Outgroup

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Reference group to help uncover evolutionary relationships within the group on interest (ingroup)

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Monophyletic

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Group consisting of ancestor and all descendants

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Paraphyletic

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Group consisting of single ancestor and most descendants

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Polyphyletic

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Group consisting of multiple ancestors

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Cladogram

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Branch length arbitrary

Front 86

Phylograms

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Branch length indicates # of diffs

Front 87

Ultra metric

Back 87

Length reps time since divergence

Front 88

Parsimony

Back 88

Least evo events likely correct

Front 89

Parsimony can be misleading due to

Back 89

Homoplasy/analogous traits

Front 90

What are phylogenies good for

Back 90

Rep changes not found in fossil rec

Front 91

Viruses

Back 91

Cause disease across all domains

Not life, just gene in protein coat

Lack metabolic machinery

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First virus

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Tobacco mosaic virus tmv

Front 93

Viral structure

Back 93

Genetic material

Capsid (shell)

Capsomer (functional unit of shell)

Membrane

Front 94

Types of virus

Back 94

Helical, icosahedral, envelope, complex

Front 95

Viral classification

Back 95

Baltimore or ictv

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Lytic / lysogenic

Back 96

1. Virulent, death imminent

2. Temperate, death eventual

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Prions

Back 97

Misfolded proteins, replicate thru touch

Front 98

Viroids

Back 98

No protein coat, can be parasites of other viruses

Front 99

What are prokaryotes

Back 99

Single celled, archaea and bacteria

No membrane

No mitosis

Flagellated

Front 100

Shapes of prokaryotes

Back 100

Spherical rod spiral

Front 101

Prokaryotes repro thru

Back 101

Binary fission

Genetic recombination

Front 102

Archaea

Back 102

Introns, histones, extreme enviros

Front 103

Bioremediation

Back 103

Removal of pollutants using prokaryotes