Bio 2 1St Exam Reveiw Chapter 36

Front 1

plant organization

Back 1

roots, shoots, and leaves contain 3 basic tissue types:
-dermal (protection: wax & bark)
-ground (storage, photosynthesis, secretion)
-vascular (conduction: xylem --> water, dissolved minerals; phloem --> nutrient containing solution)

Front 2

stem

Back 2

they are undifferentiated cells that can produce new tissues and serve as a framework for the positioning of leaves; modified stems include tendrils, tubers, corm, and rhizomes

Front 3

roots

Back 3

have a central column of xylem with radiating arms, alternating with strands of primary phloem; root hairs increase surface area for absorption of water and minterals; specialized versions include buttress, pneumatophore, prop, lateral

Front 4

leaf

Back 4

primary location for photosynthesis

Front 5

leaf epidermis

Back 5

includes stoma (pores), guard cells, trichomes, cuticular wax

Front 6

simple vs/ compound leaves

Back 6

-simple leaves have a single subdivision or leaflet;
-compound have blade divided into leaflets

Front 7

meristematic cells

Back 7

plant cells that give rise to two cells, one of which is free to differentiate into various kinds of cells that contribute to the plant body

Front 8

Consider in meristematic cells

Back 8

Meristems –

can be apical or lateral

Front 9

Consider in meristematic cells

Back 9

Meristematic cells divide into two cells, one of which remains a meristem cell and another that becomes a plant body cell

Front 10

Consider in meristematic cells

Back 10

Apical meristems give rise to three types of embryonic tissues

Front 11

Consider in meristematic cells

Back 11

They are responsible for primary and secondary growth.

Front 12

Consider in meristematic cells

Back 12

marginal meristems control leaf growth

Front 13

apical meristem

Back 13

location of primary growth that results in an increase in height or length; primary growth at the apical meristems can produce cells that differentiate into leaves, ground tissue, procambium, and epidermis (no bark).

Front 14

consider apical meristem

Back 14

Consider: Plant embryos grow into seedlings by adding new cells at only two growth points, the shoot and root apical meristems.

Front 15

cork cambium

Back 15

growing center (lateral meristem) that gives rise to outer layers of bark on both root and shoots

Front 16

vascular cambium

Back 16

It develops between the primary xylem and the primary phloem in dicots and ultimately gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem

Front 17

marginal meristems

Back 17

allows leaf blades to grow larger as a result of cell division

Front 18

ground tissue

Back 18

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Front 19

lateral meristem

Back 19

where cell division occurs resulting in secondary growth of plants; woody plants have two types --> cork cambium & vascular cambium

Front 20

parenchyma cells

Back 20

function in storage, photosynthesis, and as the bulk of ground and vascular tissues; also occur within the xylem and phloem of vascular bundles; make up the edible parts of most vegetables and fruit

Front 21

collenchyma cells

Back 21

provide support for plant organs in which secondary growth (lateral meristem cell division) has not yet occurred and are alive at maturity; consists of elongated supporting cells with unevenly thickened cells walls, usually located in strands beneath the epidermis (celery strings)

Front 22

sclerenchyma cells

Back 22

lack cytoplasm and protoplasts at maturity, may be impregnated with lignin, are tough and thick-walled (secondary), and serve to strengthen tissues...examples: fibers and sclereids

Front 23

consider sclerenchyma

Back 23

Consider: These cells do not divide throughout the life of the plant.

Front 24

structural definitions

Back 24

Node = Point of attachment of leaf to stem
Internode = Area of stem between two nodes
Blade = Flattened part of leaf
Petiole = Stalk that connects flattened leaf blade to stem (in most dicots)
Axil = Angle between petiole/blade and stem
Axillary bud = found in the angle between the petiole and a stem; develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
Terminal bud = Extends the shoot system during the growing season

Front 25

palisade parenchyma

Back 25

closely packed column-like cells within a leaf, just beneath the upper epidermis

Front 26

trichomes

Back 26

outgrowths of the epidermis that occur on the shoot

Front 27

sieve-tube members

Back 27

parts of angiosperm phloem lined up end-to-end forming tubes

Front 28

consider sieve-tube members

Back 28

Consider: All the following cells are designed for transport: xylem vessel members, sieve tube members, tracheids, & sieve cells, but water is conducted through the vessel members most rapidly

Front 29

stomata

Back 29

openings within the epidermis of leaves through which gas (CO2 in and O2 out) and water passes (helps to control loss of water and water vapor; surrounded by guard cells; allows necessary passage of material through the waterproof cuticle covering the epidermis of land plants

Front 30

mesophyll tissue

Back 30

tissue layers of palisade and spongy parenchyma cells in the middle of a leaf, between the upper and lower epidermis; filled with many chloroplasts

Front 31

monocot vs dicot (eudicot)

Back 31

monocot: vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue in stems and leaves have parallel veins; no vascular cambium therefore, no secondary growth

dicot (eudicot): vascular bundles are arranged around perimeter of ground tissue in stems and leaves have netted venation

- so major distinguishing feature between two is organization of vascular tissue

Front 32

xylem tissue

Back 32

contains vessel members, tracheids, fibers, and rays...water moves most rapidly through the vessel members but in woody tissues, rays are most efficient at conducting water horizontally.

Front 33

xylem tissue

Back 33

The diffusion of water vapor from a plant is termed transpiration

Front 34

consider xylem tissue

Back 34

Consider: A vascular bundle contains xylem and phloem.

Front 35

consider xylem tissue

Back 35

Consider: The diffusion of water vapor from a plant is termed transpiration. This process is responsible for the water drawn up the plant stem from the roots and is also responsible for the loss of 90% of all water taken in.

Front 36

phloem

Back 36

- contains elongated conducting cells
- contains two types of cells, sieve cells and sieve tube members
- Some of its cells lack a nucleus at maturity
- Some of its cells contain clusters of pores
- conducts nutrients

Front 37

Vascular tissue is made of xylem, which conducts water, and phloem, which conducts nutrients.
A) True
B) False

Back 37

A) True

Front 38

Of all the water taken in by plants _________ % is lost by transpiration.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) 90

Back 38

E) 90

Front 39

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to differentiate into another cell type if the need should arise in a plant?
A) tracheids
B) meristems

C) companion cells
D) collenchyma
E) sieve-tube members

Back 39

B) meristems

Front 40

Leaf growth is due primarily to __________ meristems.
A) apical
B) marginal
C) lateral
D) vertical
E) horizontal

Back 40

B) marginal

Front 41

The edible parts of most vegetables and fruits are composed of ________.
A) xylem and phloem
B) roots
C) parenchyma cells
D) meristems
E) the entire plant

Back 41

C) parenchyma cells

Front 42

A plant with damaged root hairs would
A) be unable to absorb water.
B) be unable to absorb minerals.
C) rely on the root for water absorption.
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Back 42

D) both a and b

Front 43

The portion of a plant that is adapted to absorb water and minerals from the soil is composed of the _____________.
A) stem
B) leaves
C) roots
D) leaves and roots
E) all of the above

Back 43

C) roots

Front 44

The type of tissue(s) making up plants is (are) called ________________.
A) plant tissue
B) ground tissue
C) dermal tissue
D) vascular tissue
E) ground, dermal, and vascular tissues

Back 44

E) ground, dermal, and vascular tissues

Front 45

________________ are the primary photosynthetic organs of a plant.
A) Leaves
B) Stems
C) Roots
D) Leaves and stems
E) All of the above

Back 45

A) Leaves

Front 46

Water is drawn up the plant stem from the roots by the process of ___________ from the leaves.
A) photosynthesis
B) transpiration
C) translocation
D) mass flow
E) turgor pressure

Back 46

B) transpiration