Bio 197-Animals Forms And Functions

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Homeostasis

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Maintenance of a steady state in environment

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Extracellular fluid

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Includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid that bathes each cell; creates internal environment that makes multicellular animals possible; accounts for 1/3 of total body water

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Blood plasma

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Fluid portion of blood; 20% of all extracellular fluid

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Glucose homeostatis(high blood sugar level) above 90mg/100ml

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Pancreas senses glucose and releases insultin; insulin signals to cells to take in glucose or to liver to store it as glycogen; eventually glucose converted to ATP

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Set point

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A reference point; optimal level in environment

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Feedback information

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What is actually occurring in environment; information provided by sensors

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Error signal

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Any difference in set point and feedback information

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Glucose homeostatis (low blood sugar) below 90mg/100ml

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Glucagon (hormone) released by alpha cells of pancreas; stimulates liver to breaks down stored glycogen into glucose

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Regulatory systems

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Ex: nervous and endocrine systems; obtain, process information and issues commands to controlled systems (effectors)

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Negative feedback

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Most common use of sensory information in regulatory systems; counteract influence that caused error signal

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Positive feedback

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Increases deviation from set point; example: childbirth. Contractions stimulates more and stronger contractions

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Feedforward information

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Changes set point to predict change in environment

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Tissue

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Group of similar cells organized into functional unit; usually integrated with other tissues to form part of organ

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Four types of tissue

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Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and nervous

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Epithelial tissue

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Sheets of densely packed Epithelial cells; create boundaries. Between the inside and outside of body, and between body compartments; line the blood vessels and make up various ducts and tubules

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Muscle tissue

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Elongated cells that contract to generate force and movement; made of proteins Actin and myosin; 1)skeletal attach to bones allow large contractions 2)cardiac make ul heart and proform smooth, coordinated contractions. Great cell communication 3)Smooth responsible for involuntary controls

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Connective tissue

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Collagen, Elastin, cartilage/bone, adipose, blood; generally dispersed populations of cells embedded in extracellular matrix

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Collagen

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Dominant protein in extracellular matrix of connective tissue; strong resistant to stretch;

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Elastin

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Protein fiber in extracellular matrix of connective tissue; stretch and recoils

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Cartilage

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Connective fissue of Collagen fibers in flexable matrix of protein-carb complex

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Bone

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Connective tissue of Collagen matrix hardened by calcium phosphate

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Adipose

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Connecti e tissue that Stores lipids; "fat"

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Blood

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Connective tissue of cells dispersed in matrix of blood plasma

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Nervous Tissue

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Two basic types: Neurons and glial cells

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Neurons

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Nervous tissue cell that control activities of most organ systems; encode information as electrical signals; travel over extensions called axons; communicate with other neurons, muscle cells or secretory cells through release of chemical neurotransmitters;

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Glial cells

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Nervous tissue cell that provide supporting functions for neurons

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Organ

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body part made up of different types of tissues integrated to preform a distinct function.

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What are the 10 physiological organ systems?

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circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, urinary

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What is Q10?

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Describes temperature-sensitivity of reactions; calculated by dividing rate of reaction at certain temp by rate of reaction at temp 10 degrees lower; Value of 2 means reaction rate doubles as temperature increases by 10 degrees; most biological organisms between 2-3

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How does Q10 affect homeostatis of animals?

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Not all biochemical reactions of an animal have the same Q10. Changes in tissue temps will shift rates of some reactions more than others, disrupting overall network. To maintain homeostatis, temp changes must be prevented or conpensated for.

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How do fish acclimatize to colder water?

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May express isozymes (alternative enzymes) which may have a different optimal temperature then enzyme that does same function.

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Ectotherm

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animals whose body temp are primary determined by external sources of heat; e.g. snakes, lizards, fish;

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Endotherms

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Animals that regulate their own body temps by producing heat metabolically or active mechanisms; will increase metabolic rate to maintain temp in cold temps; higher resting metabolic rate is higher then ectotherm

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Heterotherms

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Animal that behaves like endotherm sometimes and ectotherm others;

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What is dominant ion inside cells?

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K+

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What is dominant ion outside of cell?

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Na+

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How do ectotherms regulate body temp?

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By its behavior. Ex: lizard will alternate between sun and shade.

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Four types of heat exchange between bodies and environment?

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Radiation, Convection, Conduction, Evaporation

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Radiation heat exchange

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Heat transfer via infrared radiation (what you feel in front of fire)

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Convection heat exchange

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Heat transfers to surrounding medium as that medium flows over surface (wind-chill factor)

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Conduction heat exchange

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Heat transfers directly when objects of two different temps touch (icepack)

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Evaporation heat exchange

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Heat transfers away from surface when water evaporates (sweating); many animals undergo evaporative cooling by panting

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Energy Budget

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Heat in equals heat out; Heat in is metabolism and radiation absorbed (solar); Heat out is radiation emitted, convection, conduction, and evaporation

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How does blood flow maintain body temp?

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Increased blood flow to skin increases heat loss and lowers temp; constriction of blood vessels to skins results in less heat loss; Tunica intima is innermost layer of vessel in direct contact with blood

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Countercurrent heat exchange

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heat exchange between blood vessels carrying blood in opposite directions; Keeps heat withing muscles mass, enabling fish to have internal temp higher then water; blood heated in muscle will transfer to blood on way to muscle.

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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metabolic rate (rate at which animal consumes O2 and produces CO2) at which a resting animal is consuming just enough energy to carry out minimal body functions

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Thermoneutral zone

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zone where body temp is regulated by passive mechanisms; adapt to changes without using much energy

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How do endotherms adapt to cold?

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Produce heat by shivering (muscles contract and release energy from ATP as heat) and brown fat (protein thermogenin causes heat release by altering ATP production); brown fat has a lot of blood and mitochondria and is abundant in newborns

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Hypothalamus

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major center of body's thermostat; temperature can be main feedback

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Hypothermia

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Below-normal body temp; adaptive hypothermia is called daily torpor (lowering body temp to conserve energy)