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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory gases that animals must exchange
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Cells need to obtain oxygen to produce ATP by cellular respiration and CO2 is end product and must be removed.
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Diffusion
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means by which respiratory gases are exchanged between animal's internal body fluids and outside medium
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Why are there size limits on organisms that lack internal systems for distributing oxygen?
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Diffusion of O2 in water (even within cells) is so slow that animals must be close to sources of oxygen; evolution of larger animals has been specialized respiratory systems
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Gas Exchange in Fish
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Gills extract oxygen from water continuously flowing; large surface area; water flows thru mouth and out gills
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Countercurrent flow of fish gills
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Blood flows through gills in opposite direction as flow of water. Water is always more Oxygen saturated so it maximizes absorption because blood contacts water with more oxygen progressively.
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Lamellae
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surfaces on gills of fish that actual gas exchange happens
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Afferent blood cells
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bring deoxygenated blood to gills
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Efferent blood vessels
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take oxygenated blood away from gills
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What are two secretions mammals produce to aid in ventilation?
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Mucus (lines airways and captures dirt and microorganisms) and surfactant (make lungs elastic); mucus escalator is group of cells with cilia that sweep mucus out
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Pleural membrane
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sheet of tissue that cover each lung
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diaphragm
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sheet of muscle at bottom of thoracic cavity below lungs; contracts and pulls down causing negative pressure and lungs expand
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Tital
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Air flows in and out same path
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Tital volume
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amount of air that moves in and out per breath; measured by spirometer
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Inspiratory (IRV) and Expiratory (ERV) reserve volumes
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additional amounts of air that we can inhale or exhale
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Vital capacity (VC)
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sum of TV+IRV+ERV
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Residual Volume (RV)
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air that cannot be expelled from lungs
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What controls breathing?
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Pons and medulla oblongata
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What is more critical to regulating breathing?
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Carbon dioxide; needs to get out and body will be in pain
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Alveoli
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site of gas exchange in lungs
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Circulatory system
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consists of muscular pump (heart), fluid (blood) and series of conduits (blood vessels)
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Closed circulatory system
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circulating fluid (blood) stays in continuous system of vessels; blood cells and large molecules stay within system but water and small molecules leak out capillaries;
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Extracellular fluid in closed system
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fluid in circulatory system is blood plasma and fluid around cells is interstitial fluid; closed system keeps them separate
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Advantages of closed circulatory system
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fluid can flow more rapidly through vessels than intercellular spaces; changing diameter of vessels can control flow of blood to selective tissues; Specialized cells and large molecules that aid in transportating hormone and nutrients can be kept in vessels but drop off cargo in tissues where needed
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Arteries
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blood vessels that move blood away from heart; more robust then veins and have higher pressure load
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Veins
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carry blood from capillaries to heart; low pressure; backflow prevented by valves (example: arms in prayer)
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Arterioles and Venules
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Intermediaries between arteries/veins and capillaries
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Capillaries
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Sites of gas exchange
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Sinoatrial node
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primary pacemaker cell in heart
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells (1/3 of body's cells); have no nucleus; cannot produce protein; allows RBC to be smaller; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; hemoglobin binds and transports; can hold 70x as much Oxygen as water
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Leukocytes
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white blood cells; destroy foreign cells; produce anitbodies; role in allergic responses
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Platelets
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cell fragments in blood that do blood clotting
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3 ways Carbon Dioxide transported to lungs
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diffused into blood plasma; combines with deoxgenated Hb; combines with water to form bicarbonate ions
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Capillary beds
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small beds of vessels allowing RBC to pass in single file line; facilitating diffusion of gases
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Lymphatic System
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15% of interstitial fluid drains into lymph system from capillary bed; system returns fluid (lymph) back to blood; Thorasic duct location that puts it back
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