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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the scientific organizational categories (8)
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Define Taxonomy
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The ordered division and naming of life forms
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Name the three domains of life.
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
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How is a binomial name written?
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All italicized, Genus species (Capital on the genus, lowercase the species)
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What is peptidoglycan?
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Network of sugar polymers, crosslinked by poly-peptides.
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Where is peptidoglycan found?
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In the cell walls of prokaryotic bacteria.
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What is gram-positive and what makes the cell gram-positive?
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Gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They also lack an outer membrane. (They stain violet).
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What makes a gram-negative staining?
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Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan than gram-positive and they also have an outer membrane (stain red/pink).
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What makes up the cell wall of an archaea?
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Polysaccarides and Proteins, no peptidoglycan
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What is the significance of the lack of peptidoglycan and the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria?
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They are more likely to be resistant to antibiotics, and they can release toxins.
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How do antibiotics work?
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They target the peptidoglycan of the cell walls and break them down, which is why gram-negative bacteria are more resistant.
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What is the primary role of prokaryotes?
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The production of essential nutrients and resources, like oxygen and nitrogen.
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What is a phototroph?
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Obtaining energy from light.
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Define Autotroph.
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Require CO2 for energy.
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What is a Heterotroph?
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Organism that requires an organic nutrient for energy.
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What is a chemotroph?
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Organism that obtains energy from chemicals.
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How does cyanobacteria classify for its nutritional adaptation?
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Photoautotroph.
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Define conjugation.
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The transfer of prokaryotic DNA structures through the use of sex pili.
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What is endosymbiosis?
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The evolutionary concept that more complex organisms formed from the ingestion of smaller less complex organisms.
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What is an exotoxin?
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A toxin left that will infect its host even without the organism being present.
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What is an endotoxin and where is it located?
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An endotoxin is a toxin that resides inside the cell wall of a bacteria and will be released when the cell wall breaks down.
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What is a protist?
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Kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.
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How does a protist get its nutrients?
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Include photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs (a mix of photo and hetero)
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Name the five supergroups of protists.
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Excavades, Cromalveolates, Rhizarians, Archaeplastida, and unikonts.
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Give an example of an excavade and describe it.
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Protist with a modified mitochondira and unique flagella, ex. Diplomonads, parabasalids, and Euglenozoans
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Give an example of a cromalveolate and describe it.
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Possibly evolved via secondary endosymbiosis, ex. Alveolates and Straminopiles (Brown and Golden Algae).
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Rhizarians, define and describe with examples.
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Diverse group with similar DNA, ex.
Forams and Radiolarians. |
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Archaeplastida, define and describe with examples.
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Closest relative of land plants, ex. Red and Green Algae.
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Unikots, define and describe with examples.
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Closely related to fungi and animals, ex. Amoebazoans, and Opisthokonts.
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How did the protist evolve to have a mitochondrion and chloroplast?
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Through endosymbiosis from cyanobacteria and secondary endosymbiosis from either red or green algae.
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What protist causes extensive kills in shellfish?
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Dinoflagelates
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Which protist is poisonous to potatoes?
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Oomycetes
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What are the parts that anchor the sea weed?
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The blade, attached to the stipe, attached to the hold fast.
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What are fungi?
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Organisms that break down organic material and recycle needed nutrients.
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How do fungi obtain nutrients?
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They are heterotrophs that obtain their food by absorption from outside their body.
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What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?
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Chitin
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What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?
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Chitin
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Name the structures of a fungus.
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Hyphae, and mycelia (network of branched hyphae for absorption),
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What is haustoria?
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A specialized hyphae that can be used to penetrate the host.
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What is mycorrhiza?
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A mutualistic relationship between plant and fungi.
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What is ectomycorrhiza?
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Form hyphae over root structure and also grow inbetween the roots.
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What is arbuscular mycorrhiza?
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The extension of hyphae through cell walls of plants.
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Name the 5 phylum of Fungi.
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Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes.
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What are endophytes?
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Live inside leaves or other plant parts to produce toxins to deter herbivores.
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What are the cells in fungi that are involved in asexual reproduction?
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bud cells in yeasts.
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Give an example of Chytrids.
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Have flagellated spores, found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats.
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Give an example of Zygomycetes.
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Fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts. Known for zygosporangia (reproduction). Ex. Rhizopus.
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Define Glomeromycetes
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Once considered Zygomycetes, however form arbuscular mycorrhiza.
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Define and give an example of Ascomycetes
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Have sac like asci for reproduction, live in fresh, salt water, and terrestrial land. Also known as sac fungi. Ex. Morels, truffels.
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Define and give an example of Basidiomycetes.
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Mushrooms, puff balls, and shelf fungi. Have clublike structures. Reproduce with basidiocarps.
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What is mycosis?
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A fungal infection.
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