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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the study of how organisms interact with their environment
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ecology
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group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time
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population
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the species that interact with each other within a particular area
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community
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all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components
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ecosystem
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non-living components in an ecosystem including air, water, sunlight, temperature, and soil
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abiotic
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the effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened populations, communities, and ecosystems
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conservation biology
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living components in an ecosystem are the members of the same or different species
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biotic
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bodies of water undergo remarkable changes know as the spring and fall...
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turnovers
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a gradient in temperature is called
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thermocline
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the total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per year
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productivity
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"seashore" consists of the shallow waters along the shore, where flowering plants are rooted
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littoral
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"lake" zone is offshore and comprises water that receives enough light to support photosynthesis
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limnetic
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"depths" zone is made up of the substrate
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benthic
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regions of the aquatic zones that receive sunlight
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photic
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regions of the aquatic zones that do no receive sunlight
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aphotic
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cyanobacteria, algae, and other microscopic organisms
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plankton
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dead organic matter
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detritus
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shallow-water habitats where the soil is saturated with water for at least part of the year
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wetlands
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plants grow above surface of the water
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emergent vegetation
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develop in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent
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bogs
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lack trees and typically feature grasses, reeds, or other nonwoody plants
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marshes
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dominated by trees and shrubs
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swamps
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bodies of water that move constantly in one direction
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streams
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form when rivers meet the ocean - meaning that fresh water mixes with salt water
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estuaries
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"between tides" - consists of rocky, sandy, or muddy beach that is exposed to the air at low tide but submerged at high tide
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intertidal
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extends from intertidal to depths of 200m
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neretic zone
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edge of neritic zone - gently sloping, submerged portion of continental plate
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continental shelf
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"open ocean" - deepwater region beyond the continental shelf
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oceanic
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bottom of the ocean
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benthic
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shallow portions of neritic zone may host...
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coral reefs
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major groupings of plant and animal communities defined by a dominant vegetation type
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biomes
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prevailing, long-term weather conditions found in an area
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climate
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specific short-term atmospheric conditions of temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind
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weather
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the total amount of carbon that is fixed per year minus the amount that is oxidized during cellular respiration
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net primary productivity (NPP)
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fixed carbon that is consumed in cellular respiration provides energy for the organism but is not used for grown
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biomass
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total mass of living plants excluding roots
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aboveground biomass
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the uppermost layers of branches
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canopy
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plants that grow entirely on other plants
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epiphytes
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has pronounces annual fluctuations in temperature - typically hot summers and cold winters
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temperate
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boreal forest that stretches across most of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and northern Europe
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taiga
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lies poleward from the subarctic, is found throughout arctic regions
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tundra
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perennially frozen state
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permafrost
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a major cycle in global air circulation responsible for making Amazon River basin wet and Sahara desert dry
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Hadley cell
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areas that receive dry air due to mountain ranges are in a...
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rain shadow
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capacity to store heat
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specific heat
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how organisms are distributed geographically
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biogeography
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geographic distribution
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range
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movement of an individual from its place of origin to the location where it leaves and breeds as an adult
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dispersal
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separates species with Asian and Australian affinities
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Wallace Line
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species that is not native
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exotic
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species introduced into a new area, spreads rapidly, and eliminates native species
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invasive species
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the response to a stimulus
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behavior
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explains how actions occur in terms of the neurological, hormonal, and skeletal-muscular mechanisms involved
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proximate causation
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explains why actions occur - based on their evolutionary consequences and history
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ultimate causation
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highly inflexible, stereotyped behavior patterns
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fixed action patterns
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fixed action patterns are examples of...
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innate behavior
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animals appear to weigh the costs and benefits of responding to a particular situation in various. this is called....
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cost-benefit analysis
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when animals seek food
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foraging
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when animals maximize their feeding efficiency
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optimal foraging
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place for breeding or feeding
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territory
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the long-distance movement of a population associated with a change of seasons
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migration
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the use of familiar landmarks
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piloting
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movement that is oriented in a specific direction
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compass orientation
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the ability to locate a specific place on Earth's surface
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true navigation
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any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of a recipient individual
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communication
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any information-containing behavior or characteristic
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signal
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behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior
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altruism
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'r' in Br > C
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coefficient of relatedness
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the equation Br>C
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Hamilton's rule
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the combination of direct and indirect fitness components
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inclusive fitness
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natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives
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kin selection
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helping individuals who have either helped them in the past or are likely to help them in the future
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reciprocal altruism
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a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
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population
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the study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time
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population ecology
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occurs when individuals enter a population by moving from another population
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immigration
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occurs when individuals leave a population to join another population
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emigration
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the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
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demography
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the average time between a mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring
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generation
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summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime
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life table
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the proportion of offspring production produced that survive
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survivorship
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a group of the same age that can be followed through time
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cohort
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graph plotted with logarithm of the number of survivors vs age
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survivorship curve
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number of female offspring produced by each female in a population
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fecundity
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the average number of female offspring produced by a female in age class
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age-specific fecundity
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a group of individuals of a specific age
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age class
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occur because every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy at its disposal - limited resources
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fitness trade-offs
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describes how an individual allocates resources to growth
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life history
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when birthrates per individual are as high as possible and death rates per individual are as low as possible
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intrinsic rate of increase
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occurs when r does not change over time
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exponential population growth
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growth rate does not depend on the number of individuals in the population
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density independent
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the number of individuals per unit area
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population density
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populations per-capita birthrate will decrease depending on the number of individuals
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density dependent
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the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time
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carrying capacity, K
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changes in growth rate that occur as a function of population size
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logistic population growth
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a population of populations
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metapopulations
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changes in populations through time
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population dynamics
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the proportion of individuals that are at each possible age
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age structure
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the average fertility required for each woman to produce exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offspring's father
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replacement rate
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when the fertility rate is sustained for a generation, r=0
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zero population growth
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consists of interacting species, usually living within a defined area
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community
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the ability to survive and produce offspring
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fitness
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occurs when individuals use the same resources
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competition
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occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another
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consumption
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occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both
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mutualism
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occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected
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commensalism
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a repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation
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coevolutionary arms race
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competition that occurs between members of the same species
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intraspecific competition
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occurs when individuals from different species use the same limiting resources
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interspecific competition
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the range of resources that the species is able to use or the range of conditions it can tolerate
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niche
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it is not possible for species with the same niche to coexist
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competitive exclusion principle
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one species suffers a much greater decline than the other species
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asymmetric competition
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each of the interacting species experiences a roughly equal decrease in fitness
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symmetric competition
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the combination of resources or areas used or conditions tolerated in the absence of competition
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fundamental niche
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the portion of resources or areas used or conditions tolerated when competition occurs
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realized niche
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inevitable compromises of adaptation
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fitness trade-offs
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resource partitioning
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niche differentiation
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the change that occurs in species' traits, and that allows individuals to exploit different resources
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character displacement
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plant eaters
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herbivores
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takes place when herbivores consume plant tissue
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herbivory
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occurs when parasite consumes relatively small amounts of tissue ore nutrients from another individual
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parasitism
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occurs when a predator kills and consumes all or most of another individual
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predation
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always present that allow individuals to avoid being eaten
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standing/constitutive defenses
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occurs when one species closely resembles another species
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mimicry
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when harmful prey species resemble each other
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mullerian mimicry
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when harmless prey species resemble dangerous prey species
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batesian mimicry
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defensive traits that are produced only in response to the presence of a predator
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inducible defenses
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a study of studies
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meta-analysis
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strategies to maximize crop and forest productivity while using a minimum of insecticides or other types of potentially harmful compounds
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integrated pest management
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a community that does not change over time
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climax community
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has a much greater impact on the distribution and abundance of the surrounding species than its abundance and total biomass would suggest
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keystone species
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any event that removes biomass from a community
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disturbance
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the recovery that follows a disturbance
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succession
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occurs when a disturbance removes the soil and its organisms as well as the organisms that live above the surface
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primary succession
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occurs when a disturbance removes some or all of the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact
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secondary succession
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tend to have "weedy" life histories
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pioneering species
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a plant that is adapted for grown in disturbed soils
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weed
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takes place when the presence of an early arriving species makes conditions more favorable for the arrival for certain later species, by providing shade or nutrients
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facilitation
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existing species do not affect the possibility that subsequent species will become established
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tolerant
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occurs when the presence of one species inhibits the establishment of another
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inhibition
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a simple count of how many species are present in a given community
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species richness
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a weighted measure that incorporates a species' relative abundance as well as its presence or absence
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species diversity
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regions with a moderate type, frequency and severity of disturbance should have high species richness and diversity
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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the species present, along with abiotic components such as the soil, climate, water, and atmosphere
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ecosystem
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an organism that can synthesize its own food from inorganic sources.
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primary producer
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self feeder
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autotroph
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energy that is invested in new tissue or offspring
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net primary productivity (NPP)
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organisms that eat living organisms
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consumers
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organisms that eat primary producers
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primary consumers
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organisms that eat primary consumers
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secondary consumers
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organisms that eat secondary consumers
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tertiary consumers
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obtain energy by feeding on the remains of other organisms
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decomposers/detrivores
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dead animals and dead plant tissue
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detritus
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the total amount of photosynthesis in a given area and time period
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gross primary productivity
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feeding level
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trophic level
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connects the trophic levels in a particular ecosystem
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food chain
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food chain beginning with decomposers
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decomposer food chain
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food chain beginning with a primary composer
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grazing food chain
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attempt to include many or most of the species eaten by a sample of organisms in an ecosystem, joined by arrows indicating flow of energy
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food web
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when a consumer limits a prey population from taking over a population
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top-down control
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when changes in top-down control cause conspicuous effects two or three links away in a food web, what has occured?
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trophic cascade
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when something increases in concentration at higher levels in the food chain
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biomagnification
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the path that an element takes as it moves from abiotic systems through producers, consumers, and decomposers and back again
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biogeochemical cycle
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a complex mixture of partially and completely decomposed detritus
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soil organic matter
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completely decayed organic material
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humus
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areas drained by a single stream
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watersheds
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the movement of water among terrestrial ecosystems, the oceans, and the atmospheres
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global water cycle
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water that is found in soil
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groundwater
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the level where soil is saturated with stored water
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water table
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the movement of nitrogen among terrestrial ecosystems, the oceans, and the atmospheres
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global nitrogen cycle
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the movement of carbon among terrestrial ecosystems , the oceans, and the atmosphere
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global carbon cycle
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gas that traps heat that has been radiated from Earth and keeps it being lost to space
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greenhouse gas
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the warming of the Earth's atmosphere
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global warming
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the timing of seasonal events
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phenology
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