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278 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what characteristic of EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy
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enlarged R
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which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels
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beta 2
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the innermost lining of the heart is?
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endocardium
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an atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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another name for the epicardium
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visceral pericardium
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50% of all deaths & approx 1/3 od those between the ages of 35-50 are cause by?
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coronary artery disease
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a large artery leading from the Right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries
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pulmonary trunk
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which of the autonomic nervous systems is a negative chronotropic factor
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parasympathetic nervous system
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what characteristic of an EKG would indicate myocardial infaction
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enlarged Q and or inverted T
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what effect on the blood pressure would vasoconstriction have, in general
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an increase blood pressure
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what charac. of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia
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flattened T
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which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction
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acetylcholine
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through which part of the aorta does blood flow inferiorly?
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descending aorta
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an action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as?
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ectopic focus
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give the location of the cardioacceleratory center
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medulla oblongata
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**which medication used to treat disease forces calcium to build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC (strength of contraction)
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digitalis
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long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart failure, this is known as?
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cor pulmonale
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a dimple in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass
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fovea ovalis
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a heart rate less that 60 bpm is known as
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bradycardia
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a term meaning sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation
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paroxysmal
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an increase in bp or the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of it's vasculature
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pulmonary hypertension
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loss of elasticity or hardening of arteries is called:
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arteriosclerosis
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concept that states the greater the stretch/tension on the wall of the hear the greater the force of concentration
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frank-starling law
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the L heart continues to push blood into the R hear, however, the R heart is not pushing blood out. Where does the fluid leak to?
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the periphery, especially the lower extremities
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are cardiac muscle cells branched or non-branched
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branched
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this maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the cell and a hypertonic potassium solution outside
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sodium pump
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if both the SA node and the AV nodes stop working, the purkinje fibers will take over, but the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only "____" bpm
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20-40
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which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
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R ventricle
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the charge/voltage difference at the motor end plate is known as the end plate ________
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potential
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the valve between the L ventricle and ascending aorta
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aortic semi-lunar valve
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a condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in R heart failure
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Cor Pulmonale
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outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle
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epicardium
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chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the entire body (except lungs)
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L ventricle
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where is the edema seen that is typical of R heart failure
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the periphery especially the lower extremities
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are cardiac muscle cells voluntary or involuntary?
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involuntary
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type of gradient maintained by the sodium pump keep "+" outside and "-" inside of the cell membrane
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electrical
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portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the hearts chamber
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diastole
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an enzyme that converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid. when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels
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lactid dehydrogenase (LDH)
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which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphram
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abdominal
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a drug used to treat heart diseased causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow
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nitroglycerine
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what is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of it's relaxation period
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end diastolic volume (EDV)
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the inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Na+ is pumped OUT
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negative
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what condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylcholine
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the cell is hyperpolarized
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the inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Cl- is pumped IN
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negative
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what is the approx systolic/diastolic pressure on the left ventricle
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120/0
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another name for the premature ventricular contractions (PVC) which indicate the fact that an extra QRS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle
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extrasystole
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another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart
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sinoatrial node
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what type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials
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cardiac muscle
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another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart
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atrioventricular node
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what is the normal heart rate?
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75bpm
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specialized structures containing gap junctions which allow action potentials to pass throughout the heart with little resistance
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intercallated discs
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do cardiac muscles require more extracellular calcium or intracellular calcium compared to skeletal muscles
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extracellular
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which of the 2 semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds
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aortic
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which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate an strength of contraction
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beta 1
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one noteworthy charact of the action potentials as it passes through the AV node is the AV node _____
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delay
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is anxiety a positive or negative chronotropic factor
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positive
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what condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero
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sympathetic tone of atrial walls
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area of the brain which increased heart rate and strength of contraction
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cardioacceleratory center
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blood pressure in peripheral arteries is known as
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afterload
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state of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside
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resting
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AV node is located in the _____ near the bottom just behind the opening for the coronary sinus
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interatrial septum
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point of no return that is reached when the outside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated
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threshold
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which of the heart sounds represents closure of the semilunar valves
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S2
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without influence of vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the SA node
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100bpm
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the inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped IN
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positive
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speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed down in the AV node. The purpose of this slow down is
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allow for optimal filling in the ventricles
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this type of gradient keeps MORe Na+ outside the cell and MORE K+ inside the cell
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chemical
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is epinepherine a positive or negative chronotropic factor
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positive
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name the ion channels effected by acetylcholine
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potassium channels
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in the trilogy of the heart failure, the 2nd phase is
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myocardial ischemia
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once the action potential leave the bundle branches what are the next structures that it enters during it's condition
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purkinje fibers
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a sound that indicates too much volume in atrium as in mitral valve regugitation when heard in patients over 3o yrs later
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S3
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another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects it's ability to automatically generate action potentials in the heart
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primary pacemaker
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which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of concentration
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parasympatheic
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should the pressure in the L atrium be just higher or lower than the pressure in the R atrium
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higher
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the 1st part of the aorta leaving the heart
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ascending aorta
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continuous low vagal stimulation is known as
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vagal tone
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the inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative of Cl- is pumped out
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positive
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for the heart the mechanism of its action potiental is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the ________ which is caused by the calcium influx
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plateau
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what charact of an EKG would indicate SA node damage
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missing P wave
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a condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive
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depolarization
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which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes an increase in Ca within cardiac muscle cells
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digitalis
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what effect on blood pressure would an increased heart rate have
|
increased blood pressure
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which of the parasympatheic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction
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muscarinic
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why is the L semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the R. AV valve (pulmonary)
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pressure is much higher
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the inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Na+ is pumped IN
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positive
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the S3 sound in adults over 30 yrs may be caused by what cardiovascular condition
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mitral valve regurgitation
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is nicotine a positive or negative chronotropic factor
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positive
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are most cells positive or negative on the outside of the cell membrane
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positive
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one charact of cardiac muscle which helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is a much longer ________ as compared to skeletal muscle
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absolute refractory period
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what charact of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occurring during a cardiac cycle
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premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
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what causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle's action potentials
|
calcium influx
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heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the nooks n' crannies are known as
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trabeculae carneae
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which major veins returns blood to the heart from structures below the diaphram
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inferior vena cava
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what charact of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy
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enlarged P wave
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ischemic necrosis
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myocardial infarction
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wall between 2 atria is
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interatrial septum
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are cardiac muscle cells striated or nonstriated
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striated
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what is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of it's contraction period
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end systolic volume (EDV)
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what of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate
|
parasympathetic nervous system
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what structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero
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aortic valve
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heart chamber receiving blood retuning from the lungs
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left atrium
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does the loss of arteries due to scaring increase of decrease afterload
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increase
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what is the function of the plateau seen in the graph of the cardiac muscle cells action potential
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maximize emptying
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another name for adrenalin is
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epinephrine
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the resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as
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afterload
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this used to be the fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch
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ligamentum arteriosum
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what charact of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block
|
bifid R wave
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what is the rate of sinus rhythm
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75bpm
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what is the location of the R and L bundle branches
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interventricular septum
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another name for epinephrine is
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adrenalin
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term indicating that even though the heart is really mononucleated, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as of they were one giant multinucleated cell
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functional syncytium
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if the SA node stops the secondary pacemajer takes over but the heart rate is known as ____ or _____ rhythm
|
nodal or junctional
|
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the tension in the heart wall chamber is just prior to contradiction represents
|
preload
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what is the systolic pressure in the R ventricle
|
12-25 mm Hg
|
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what's the volume of blood in a heart chamber at the end of it's relaxation period
|
120 ml
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what is the formula for determining ur maximum heart rate for testing
|
220 minus age
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tensionon the heart chamber wall just before the contraction is called
|
preload
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which valve presents blood to the R atrium from entering the venae cavae
|
none
|
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heart rate between 100-150 bpm is known as
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tachycardia
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the sodium pump moves ____ sodium ions
|
three
|
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for an EKG a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG which has unknown origins is the
|
U wave
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give the location of the cardioinhibitory center
|
medulla oblongata
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which substance is pumped out of a cell by the sodium pump
|
sodium
|
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volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents
|
preload
|
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middle layer of the heart, it's thickest and is composed of the heart muscle
|
myocardium
|
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does the loss of arteries due to limb amputation increase of decrease afterload
|
increase
|
|
|
factors which increase hearts strength of contraction are known as
|
positive inotropic factors
|
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condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative
|
repolarization
|
|
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if the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at ____ bpm
|
40-50
|
|
|
this process is an example of primary transport
|
sodium pump
|
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which substance is pumped into the cell by the sodium pump
|
potassium
|
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into which chamber of the heart does the blood enter when returning from the entire body other than lungs
|
superior vena cava
|
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string like cords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart
|
chordae tendineae
|
|
|
which of the neurotransmitter discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor
|
acetylcholine
|
|
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term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors because ot their close relationship to epinephrine or adrenalin
|
adrenergic receptors
|
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|
one phase of a neurons action potential that is NOT seen in that of a cardiac muscle cell is
|
hyperpolarization
|
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|
how much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone and not atrial contraction
|
80%
|
|
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term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptors
|
cholinergic
|
|
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factors that decrease heart rate are known as
|
negative chronotropic
|
|
|
long term chronic broncitis may cause a permanent increase in the after load of the R heart leading to R heart failure, this condition is known as
|
Cor pulmonale
|
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|
bundles of muscles only seen in the R atrium
|
pectinate muscles
|
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which part of the conducting system of the heart begins at the apex and move up the sides of the heart and into the papillary muscles
|
purkinje fibers
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which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation
|
beta 2
|
|
|
the sodium pump moves sodium ions in or out of the cell
|
out
|
|
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what would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed
|
100 bpm
|
|
|
the sodium pump moves ______ potassium ions
|
two
|
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for an EKG what represents the depolarization of the atria
|
P wave
|
|
|
which medication used for hypertension reduces vasoconstriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure
|
ACE inhibitors
|
|
|
what's the approx systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries
|
12-25/8
|
|
|
condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes MORE NEGATIVE that a resting state is known as a________
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
|
looking at the general population what's the maximum heart rate what can be reached before there is not enough filling time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of hearts efficency
|
200 bpm
|
|
|
what struct prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from fallin to zero
|
pulmonary valve
|
|
|
into which chamber of the heart does blood enter which returning from the entire body other than lungs
|
R atrium
|
|
|
for an EKG what hides the repolarization of the ventricles
|
T wave
|
|
|
which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be pumped out which reduces the Na+ chemical agent
|
digitalis
|
|
|
a group of drugs used to treat heart diseases causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow
|
nitrates
|
|
|
which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction
|
vagus nerve
|
|
|
which of the autonomic nervous systems increase heart rate
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
sac around the heart
|
parietal paricardium
|
|
|
which medication used to treat heard disease resets heart muscles cells to re-establish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open
|
lidocaine
|
|
|
because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as
|
calcium channel blockers
|
|
|
how much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction
|
20%
|
|
|
term reflecting a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels
|
hypokalemia
|
|
|
valve between the R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
|
pulmonary semilunar valve
|
|
|
whats a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate
|
120 bpm
|
|
|
factors that effect heart rate are known as
|
chronotropic
|
|
|
which of the following statements best describes as alectrocardiograph
|
EKG's represent electrical events in the entire heart
|
|
|
described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young aduts but indicates disease if over 30 yrs old
|
S3
|
|
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portion of the cardiac cycle represented by ejection of blood from the hearts chamber
|
systole
|
|
|
difficulty breathing
|
dyspnea
|
|
|
factors effecting the hearts strength of contraction are known as
|
inotropic factors
|
|
|
an enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids and used in kreb's cycle. When cells die this enzyme spills out to elevate it's plasma cells
|
serum glutamic oxaloacetic (SGOT)
|
|
|
term meaning at night
|
nocturnal
|
|
|
does sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors increase of decrease afterload
|
increase
|
|
|
where is the congestion that is typical of L heart failure
|
Lungs
|
|
|
sudden extreme attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night
|
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
|
|
|
which medication used to treat heart disease poisons the sodium potassium ATPase pump
|
digitalis
|
|
|
how long does it take a person's heart to pump their entire blood volume
|
1 minute
|
|
|
for an EKG an extra wave that is sometimes is caused by low potassium
|
U wave
|
|
|
for the trilogy of heart disease a reversible condition in which the walls of the arteries in the heart are damaged
|
coronary artery disease
|
|
|
portion of the cardiac cycle represented by relaxation of the heart
|
diastole
|
|
|
a fancy term indicating that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of needle
|
vasovagal episode with concomitant syncope
|
|
|
phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax but all valves are closed
|
isovolumetric relaxation (IVR)
|
|
|
reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow
|
myocardial ischemia
|
|
|
whats the systolic pressure in the L ventricle
|
120 mm hg
|
|
|
factors that increase heart rate are known as
|
positive chronotropic
|
|
|
the R heart continues to push blood into the L heart, but, the L heart isn't pushing this blood out, where does the fluid leak out
|
lungs
|
|
|
a term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat
|
ejection fraction
|
|
|
what does a low ejection fraction indicate
|
heart disease
|
|
|
the phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as
|
ventricular ejection
|
|
|
how much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction
|
20%
|
|
|
what is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation
|
all 4 vavles are closed
|
|
|
the valve for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat
|
58.33%
|
|
|
is there more potassium inside or outside of most cells
|
inside
|
|
|
the phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract but all valves are closed
|
isovolumetric contraction (IVC)
|
|
|
identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine
|
potassium floods OUT of the cell
|
|
|
specialized muscles in the ventricles which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves
|
paillary muscles
|
|
|
factors which decreases the hearts strength of contraction are known as
|
negative inotropic factors
|
|
|
what effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have
|
increased bp
|
|
|
during an increase in heart rate which part of the cardiac cycle is shortened
|
diastole
|
|
|
name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute
|
cardiac output
|
|
|
name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat
|
stroke volume (SV)
|
|
|
whys L AV valve louder when listening to heart sounds as compared to R AV valve
|
pressure is much higher
|
|
|
a reduction in blood flow is
|
ischemia
|
|
|
these take deoxygenated blood to the lungs
|
pulmonary arteries
|
|
|
which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation
|
beta 2
|
|
|
how high can the ejection fraction reach during exercise
|
90%
|
|
|
valve in milliliters for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat
|
70 ml
|
|
|
concept states heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so an increased venous return caused increased stroke volume and increased ejection fraction
|
frank-starling law
|
|
|
small appendage like chamber that adds volume to the L atrium
|
L auricle
|
|
|
which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor
|
norepinepherin
|
|
|
the valve that is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds
|
mitral or bicuspid valve
|
|
|
what characteristic of EKG would indicate damage in atria blocking action potentials
|
prolonged P-Q segment
|
|
|
abnormal gallop indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls of vibrate when blood hits them and makes a sound
|
S4
|
|
|
increase in struct size due to increase individuals cells and not due to increased number of cells
|
hypertrophy
|
|
|
does loss of arteries due to tissue damage increase or decrease after load
|
increase
|
|
|
medication to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffused into the heart cells
|
digitalis
|
|
|
part of autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and strength of contraction
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
what happens to the contraction of a heart chamber if the tension on the walls of that chamber is increased just prior to the contraction
|
increases
|
|
|
another name for visceral pericardium
|
epicardium
|
|
|
the SA node is located in the _____ which is in the roof of the R atrium
|
cristae terminalis
|
|
|
which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction
|
alpha 1
|
|
|
an electrical rate between 250-300 minute is known as
|
flutter
|
|
|
which of the heart sounds represents closure of the AV valves
|
S1
|
|
|
alternate name for AV bundle
|
bundle of his
|
|
|
stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents
|
preload
|
|
|
whats the approx systolic/diastolic pressure of the R ventricle
|
12-25/0
|
|
|
whats the avg arteriole pressure
|
96 mm Hg
|
|
|
abnormal rate and rhythm of heart is known as
|
dysrrhythmias or arrhythmias
|
|
|
for an EKG what represents the depolarization of the ventricles
|
QRS complex
|
|
|
venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction which determines
|
preload
|
|
|
what is the approx systolic/diastolic pressure of the L atrium
|
8/0
|
|
|
medication to treat heart disease reducing the amount of calcium pumped out og the heart muscle cells
|
digitalis
|
|
|
scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is
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anatomical syncytium
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the inside of the cell becomes more postive or negative of K+ is pumped out
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negative
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portion of cardiac cycle represented by the lower blood pressure reading
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diastole
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caused by cor pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the R ventricle
|
R heart failure
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|
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condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases that increase afterload in R ventricle causing it to work harder and hypertrophies is known as
|
cor pulmonale
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what is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the SA node
|
sinus rhythm
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layer of tissue adhered to heart muscle
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visceral pericardium
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in the trilogy of heart failure the first phase is
|
coronary artery disease
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|
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a probable cause for most angina pain
|
lactic acid build up in the heart
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|
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AV node is also known as
|
secondary pacemaker of the heart
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|
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an electrical rate over 300/minute is known as
|
fibrillation
|
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in the trilogy of heart failure the first phase is
|
myocardial infarction
|
|
|
pain in chest and L neck/arm pain due to build up of lactic acid in heart is caused by hypoxic conditions of clogged arteries
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angina pectoris
|
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the sodium pump move potassium ions in or out of cell
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in
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an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to another molecule. when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate it's plasma levels
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creatine kinase (CK)
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a condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero
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sympathetic tone of arterial walls
|
|
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the approx systolic/diastolic pressure of aortic arch
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120/80
|
|
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part of autonomic nervous system that is a positive chronotropic factor
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sympathetic nervous system
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medication used for hypertension to reduce blood volume by increasing urine output
|
diuretics
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the volume of blood in a heart chamber at the end of it's contraction period
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50 ml
|
|
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cardiac output is equal to
|
total blood volume
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|
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term meaning tissue death
|
necrosis
|
|
|
where is the edema that is typical of L heart failure
|
lungs
|
|
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long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the R heart leading to R heart failure.
This condition is known as |
Cor Pulmonale
|
|
|
which of the cholinergic factors decreases heart rate
|
muscarinic
|
|
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is caffeine a positive or negative chronotropic factor
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positive
|
|
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an adrenergic receptor that increases heart rate
|
beta 1
|
|
|
congestive heart failure is also known as
|
Left heart failure
|
|
|
area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as
|
cardioinhibitory center
|
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part od descending aorta above diaphram
|
thoracic
|
|
|
approx systolic/diastolic pressure of the R atrium
|
5/0
|
|
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medication used to treat heart disease reducing sodium calcium counter transport (secondary active transport)
|
digitalis
|
|
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preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as
|
venous return
|
|
|
appendage like chamber that adds volume to atria
|
auricles
|
|
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portion of cardiac cycle represented by contraction of the heart
|
systole
|
|
|
normal rate set up by SA code
|
75 bpm
|
|
|
does artherosclerosis increase of decrease afterload
|
increase
|
|
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specific tissue making up innermost lining of the heart
|
simple squamous epithelium
|
|
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vessles returning oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs
|
pulmonary veins
|
|
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valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction
|
all 4 valves are closed
|
|
|
are most cell positive or negative inside of the cell membrane
|
negative
|
|
|
cavity space between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as
|
mediastinum
|
|
|
portion of cardiac cycle represented by the higher blood pressure reading
|
systole
|
|
|
this maintains the electrochemical gradients for cells
|
sodium pump
|
