Bio 141 Test 1

Front 1

hypothesis

Back 1

testable statement to explain phenomenon or set of observations; seeks to explain narrower set of observations than theory

Front 2

prediction

Back 2

measurable or observable result that must be correct if hypothesis is valid

Front 3

observation

Back 3

what you actually see

Front 4

theory

Back 4

explanation for broad set of phenomenon

Front 5

two components of theory

Back 5

1. pattern

2. process

Front 6

pattern

Back 6

observable pattern; what's actually happening

Front 7

process

Back 7

how pattern comes about; mechanism

Front 8

pattern (cell theory)

Back 8

all organisms are made of cells

Front 9

process (cell theory)

Back 9

all cells come from preexisting cells

Front 10

pattern (natural selection)

Back 10

1. species related by common ancestry

2. descent with modification

Front 11

descent with modification

Back 11

characteristics of species can be changed from generation to generation

Front 12

process (natural selection)

Back 12

1. traits must be heritable

2. certain versions of the heritable trait must increase survival/ability of individual to reproduce

Front 13

heritable

Back 13

traits can be passed on to offspring

Front 14

population

Back 14

group of individuals of same species living in same area at same time

Front 15

spontaneous generation

Back 15

cells arise spontaneously from nonliving materials

Front 16

pasteur's experiment (spontaneous generation)

Back 16

-heated solution to kill all cells

-used swan neck flask to make sure cells from air couldn't reach solution

Front 17

key elements of experiment

Back 17

hypothesis --> observations --> test hypothesis --> revise hypothesis --> retest

Front 18

food competition hypothesis

Back 18

-giraffes developed long necks to get food that other animals couldn't get

-false: giraffes actually bend down to get most of their food

Front 19

sexual competition hypothesis

Back 19

-giraffes use necks/heads as weapons

Front 20

condensation/dehydration reaction

Back 20

forms bonds between amino acids; results in loss of water molecule

Front 21

hydrolysis reaction

Back 21

breaks polymers apart by adding water molecule

Front 22

what determines property of amino acids?

Back 22

r groups

Front 23

is protein shape fixed?

Back 23

no, different folding can mean different abilities/inactive or active protein

ex. calmodulin (inactive has disordered shape; active has ordered, regulated shape)

Front 24

enzyme

Back 24

protein that functions as a catalyst

Front 25

active site

Back 25

site where catalysis occurs on protein

Front 26

primary structure

Back 26

sequence of amino acids

Front 27

secondary structure

Back 27

-a-helix & b-pleated sheets

-created by hydrogen bonding between components of peptide-bonded backbone

Front 28

tertiary structure

Back 28

created by interactions between r-groups & backbone

Front 29

types of interactions important to tertiary structure

Back 29

-hydrogen bonding: between polar r-groups & opposite partial charges in backbones/other r-groups

-hydrophobic interactions: b/t nonpolar parts of protein & water

-van der waals: stabilizes hydrophobic side chains

-covalent bonding: form b/t side chains of cysteines --> creates stable disulfide bridges

-ionic bonding: b/t group;s that have full & opp. charges (ex. acidic & basic side chains)

Front 30

quaternary structure

Back 30

different polypeptide subunits coming together to create larger polypeptide

Front 31

lipids

Back 31

carbon-containing compounds; mostly hydrophobic

Front 32

saturated

Back 32

hydrocarbon chains with only single bonds; have as many H's as possible; solid at room temperature; really long hydrocarbon tails; less permeable b/c of stronger van der waals forces

Front 33

unsaturated

Back 33

hydrocarbon chains with double bonds; kinks in structure=more space between tails=more permeable; liquid at room temperature

Front 34

fats

Back 34

nonpolar molecules composed of 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol; triacylglycerols; primary role is energy storage

Front 35

oils

Back 35

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Front 36

are all fats considered to be lipids?

Back 36

yes

Front 37

are all lipids considered to be fats?

Back 37

no, some are oils (polyunsaturated fats)

Front 38

what distinguishes lipids & phospholipds?

Back 38

phospholipids have glycerol linked to phosphate group & 2 hydrocarbon chains of isoprenoids or fatty acids

Front 39

hydrophilic

Back 39

water loving

Front 40

hydrophobic

Back 40

water hating

Front 41

amphipathic

Back 41

molecules has hydrophilic & hydrophobic parts (like lipid bilayer)

Front 42

why do amphipathic lipids play central role in biology?

Back 42

form important membranes

Front 43

in the absence of specific carrier proteins, which of the following can readily diffuse across the plasma membrane of a cell: atp, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, water, gases, proteins, ions, polysaccharides, glycerol, hemoglobin, ethanol?

Front 44

small, nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2, N2)

Back 44

high permeability

Front 45

small, uncharged polar molecules (H2O, glycerol)

Back 45

2nd highest permeability

Front 46

large, uncharged polar molecules (glucose, sucrose)

Back 46

2nd lowest permeability

Front 47

ions (Cl-, Na+, K+)

Back 47

lowest permeability

Front 48

relationship between cholesterol content of membrane & glycerol permeability

Back 48

more cholesterol = lower permeability of glycerol

Front 49

how can cholesterol/glycerol effect be explained?

Back 49

how quickly molecules move across/within membrane is function of temperature, structure of hydrocarbon tails, & number of cholesterol molecules in bilayer

Front 50

hypotonic

Back 50

low concentration of solute compared to something else

Front 51

hypertonic

Back 51

high concentration of solute compared to something elsei

Front 52

isotonic

Back 52

equilibrium

Front 53

simple diffusion vs. osmosis

Back 53

diffusion talks about moving solute, osmosis talks about moving water

Front 54

ion channel

Back 54

help;s move ions across membranes with or against electrochemical gradient

Front 55

detergent

Back 55

small amphipathic molecule that can dissolve membranes

Front 56

facilitated diffusion

Back 56

passive transport of molecules that wouldn't be able to get across membrane otherwise

Front 57

simple diffusion

Back 57

movement of molecules/ions down concentration gradient based on kinetic energy

Front 58

aquaporin

Back 58

channel protein that allows water to cross membrane 10 times faster

Front 59

channel proteins

Back 59

porelike channels that allows one or a few molecules across membrane; high specificity; uses facilitated diffusion

Front 60

carrier protein

Back 60

specialized membrane protein that has conformational change during transport process; facilitated diffusion

Front 61

glut 1

Back 61

carrier protein that transports glucose across membrane

Front 62

voltage-gated channels

Back 62

has open/closed conformation based on change in electrical voltage across membrane or binding of particular charged molecule