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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Number of known elements on the periodic table |
118 |
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How many elements are naturally occurring vs man-made |
92, others |
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Uranium atomic number |
92 |
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Ion calculations |
Atomic number- number of protons and electrons Atomic weight - number-number of neutrons |
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3 subatomic particles |
Protons-carry a + charge and are located in the nucleus Electrons-carry a - charge and are located in shells outside the nucleus Neutrons-carry no charge and located in the nucleus |
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Atom shell capacity |
K-2 L-8 M-18 N-32 |
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Types of chemical bonds |
Ionic-electrons are transfered from one another Covalent-electrons are shared by atoms-the strongest bond Hydrogen-electrons are shared by hydrogen and small electronegative atome-the weakest bond |
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Groups of organic molecules |
Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids |
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Carbohydrates |
Organic molecules composed of C, H, and O |
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C, H, and O ratio |
1:2:1 |
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Monosaccharides |
Glucose Galactose Fructose |
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Glucose |
Called blood sugar, and is necessary for the energy that we need |
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Types of diabetes |
Type 1-usually occurs early in life, before 20 years Type 2-usually between 40 & 60 years Gestational-occurs during pregnancy |
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causes of diabetes |
Type 1-too little insulin is produced by the pancreas Type 2-insulin receptors don't work well Gestational-too little insulin is produced |
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Classic early signs of diabetes |
Polyuria-frequency of urination Polydispia-extreme thirst Polyphagia-extreme hunger |
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Other early signs of diabetes |
Rapid weight loss (10-15 lbs) Amputations Heart problems Kidney failure Blindness |
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Problems with treatments |
Insulin receptors-glucose levels fluctuate too much, inconvienant Oral meds-digestive system breaks down oral insulin Puml-awkward Transplant-rejection |
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Galactosemia |
When newborn babies aren't able to change galactose to glucose |
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Symptoms of galactosemia |
Clouding of the cornea at 4 weeks Enlargement of spleen at 5 months Cataracts at 6 months Mental retardation at 1 year |
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Tx of galactosemia |
Galactose-free formula until one year of age Gradual return to full-strength cow's milk |
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Functions of the plasma membrane |
Protection Hold in cell contents Regulate what passes in and out of the cell |
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Mitochondrion |
Powerhouse of the cell Provide most of the cell's ATP Tiny threadlike, sausage-shaped organelles |
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Purpose of cristae |
Provide more surface area in which reactions can occur |
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Ribosome |
Small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and r-RNA Composed of two subunits Site of protein synthesis |
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2 types of ribosomes |
Free-in the cytoplasm Bound-attached to ER |
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2 types of ER |
Rough Smooth |
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Rough ER |
Membranes studded with ribosomes Proteins are assembled on ER |
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Smooth ER |
Continuation of ER Lipid metabolism Synthesis of cholesterol and sex hormones |
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Golgi |
Flattened stacks of membranes Packages proteins for transport |
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Nucleus |
Control center of the cell Most cells have only one All cells of the body except for erythrocytes have a nucleus Largest organelles |
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Nuclear membrane |
Contains small holes called nuclear pores which allow substances to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm |
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Chromatin |
Composed of DNA and proteins When the cell divides, they coil and form chromosomes Contain heredity information |
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Interphase |
90% of time is spent here Chromosomes are replicated here |
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Prophase |
Nucleus and nucleolus break down |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell |
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes move to poles |
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Telophase |
Nucleus reforms Cytokinesis occurs |
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Trisonomy 21 |
3 #21 chromosomes Nondisjunction: 2 #21 chromosomes do not separate during meiosis |
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Characteristics of Trisonomy 21 |
Mental retardation Long forehead Large tongue Low-set misshapen ears Malformed teeth Eyes are wide set Inner Palmer crease |
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Klinefelters syndrome |
Genotype is XXY |
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Common traits of Klinefelters syndrome |
Sterility Female fatty deposits Breast development Tall and lanky High-pitched voice |
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Tx for klinefelters |
Testosterone injections |
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Turner's syndrome |
Genotype is XO |
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Characteristics of Turner's syndrome |
Short in stature Sterile Webbed neck Hearing problems |
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Layers and Characteristics of the epidermis (lowest to highest) |
Stratum Basale-single row of living cells, and rapid cell division Stratum Spinosum-cells with spiny projections, and several layers of living cells Stratum Granolosum-thin (3-5 cell layers), and keratinocytes waterproof the skin here. Stratum Lucidum-clear layer, and is composed of dead cells Stratum Corneum-20-30 cell layers thick, and 3/4 of thicknesses of the epidermis |
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Alopecia |
Hair thinness and baldness |
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Alopecia |
Hair thinness and baldness |
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Alopecia |
Hair thinness and baldness |
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Causes of hair loss |
High fever Surgery Severe emotional trauma Certain drugs Excessive vitamin A Chemotherapy drugs Radiation Genetics |
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Causes of hair loss |
Poor nutrition Hormonal imbalances |
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Average hair loss rate |
90 hairs/day |
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3 types of skin cancer |
Basal cell carcinoma-most common skin cancer, and occurs most often on sun-exposed areas of the face Squamous cell carcinoma-occurs most often in scalp, ears, and lower lip, and originates in keratinocytes of stratum spinosum Malignant melanoma-originates in the melanocytes located in the basal layer, and the most deadly |
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Cancer |
Uncontrolled cell division |
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Tumor |
Abnormal mass of cells in normal tissue |
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Benign tumor |
Tumor that stays at site of origin |
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Metastasis |
Spread of cancer cells beyond their site of origin |
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Carcinoma |
Cancer that originates in the skin |
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Sarcoma |
Cancer that originates in bone, cartilage, or muscle |
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Leukemia |
Cancer of the WBC |
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Radiation therapy |
Treatment of cancer cells using x-rays |
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Chemotherapy |
Treatment of cancer using chemicals |
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ABCDE rule of Maglinant Melanoma |
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Evolution |
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7 warning signs of cancer |
Change in bowel or bladder behaviors A sore that doesn't heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lumo in breast Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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7 warning signs of cancer |
Change in bowel or bladder behaviors A sore that doesn't heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lumo in breast Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
