Bio 1130 Midterm 1

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Analogy

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When 2 structures are similar in function but do not share a common ancestor and evolved in response to a similar challenge from the environment.

Ex: Flight in butterflies and flight of birds

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Bicarbonate

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Buffer

Important in determining pH of blood

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Biogeography

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Distribution of plants and animals involving changes of one species to another depending on location.

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Carbon cycle

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Plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis. Animals consume plants or other animals, and all living things contain carbon. CO2 is released by animals and burning plants into the air. Living plants take in the CO2 then animals consume the plants once again. Cycle repeats.

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Catastrophic theory

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Proposed by Cuvier (Georges) - explained mass loss of species and Noah's arc

Mass loss was then termed extinction by Cuvier

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Cell theory

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Theorized by Schleidan and Schwann and contained three laws

1. All living things are made of cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of life (individual cells have all the characteristics of life)

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

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Comparative Biology

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Approach to understanding the phylogenetic history of individuals or higher taxa and the mechanisms and patterns that drives it.

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Darwin's five theories of evolution

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1. No constancy of species

2.Common ancestry

3.Gradual changes

4.Population change

5.Natural selection

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Convergant evolution

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Independent evolution of similar features that were not present in the previous common ancestor.

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Divergent evolution

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Differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species.

Ex: limbs of cats, humans, whales, birds, horse is considered divergent evolution (they started off the same)

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Cuvier

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Archeologist- realized everything did not arrived on Oct 24 , created catastrophe theory and concept of extinction

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Evolutionary taxonomy

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Classifies organisms using the degree of evolutionary changes.

*Darwin's method

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Germ theory

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Louis Pasteur realized that germs did not spawn from organisms but settled from the air and infected the host. Used meat broth to prove his theory by boiling and sealing it (it did not develop microbes) and leaving it in an unsealed container( developed microbes)

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Historical narrative

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Simplest form is a story passed on from generation to generation.

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Taxon

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Plural (Taxa)

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Linnaeus

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Botanist

Two main contributions

1. Hierarchial classification system

2.Binomial nomenclature

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Theophastrus

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Catalogs medicinal and edible plants. Classified plants with great accuracy and attaches the medicinal attributes.

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher that primarily studied animals

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High age

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Time after recovering from the loss of roman commerce and infrastructure, education and architecture flourished during Medieval age.

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Scala Naturae

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Created by Aristotle, classification (taxonomy) of all entities in a hierarchial system.

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Hippocrates

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Most famous for the hippocratic corpus (world's knowledge of human biology), considered the father of medicine

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Ages of Sand

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Douglas Adams 4 Ages:

1. Telescope

2. Microscope

3. Silica Computer Chip

4. Internet

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Binomen

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Linnaeus's unique addition to the classification, two part name

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End of midevil ages

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Start of the Sixteenth century

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Folk taxonomy

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Type of taxonomy passed on about the living world from generation to generation by word of mouth

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Physical Science

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Inanimate objects

Physical and Chemical laws

Universal

Deductive reasoning used

Fixable rules

Theories were discarded if they were proven wrong

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Natural Science

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Animate objects

Not universal

MAJOR DIFF*** it is localized

Inductive reasoning

Theories are often changed and adjusted to fit the findings

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Deductive Reasoning

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Standard scientific method. Researcher starts with a wider theory , then hypothesis and then experiments, observes results and then proves or disproves the theory.

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Inductive Reasoning

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Used to generate theories about the universe (should be proved mathematically).

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Mendel

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Gave 2 laws:

1.Law of segregation of characters

2.Law of independent assortement – they describe how a genetic trait is passed from generation to generation

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Schleidan and Schwann

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Schwann worked with animals and Schleidan worked with plants (co-collaborators) observing cells and cell adaptation.

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Transmutation vs Transmutation of Species

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Species change gradually over time from environmental influences.

*Proposed by Lamarck.

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Uniformitarian Theory

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Lyell's version of geology. Proprosed that the world was evolving very slowly, used to explain the origins of the Earth.

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Artificial Taxonomy

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Classification based on discoveries.

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Binomial Nomenclature

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Two step naming process (genus and species).

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Hypothesis

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A tentative explanation for a phenomena that can be tested or verified by experiment or investigation.

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Hierarchial System

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Taxonomy or classification of organisms. (ecological organization)

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Null hypothesis

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Explains what happens if the manipulated variable in an experiment doesn't have an affect.

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Allopatric speciation (Vicariance)

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When population is separated in 2.

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Allopolyploid

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Cell with a mixture of chromosomes end result is a complete organism with a completely different genome. (often results in sterile male)

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Anagenisis

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Evolutionary pattern resulting in linear descent NOT to divergance.

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Chromosomal mutations (types)

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Inversions ex: EFG ---> GFE

Translocation ex: FGL---->LMN---->FGN

Deletion ex: JKSE---->JKE

Duplication ex: DEFGH---> DEDEFGH

Crossing over

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Derived character

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Characters acquired by the most recent common ancestor.

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Genetic Drift

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Random change of allele frequencies in a gene pool. (Usually in small populations)

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Founder effect

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Jumping from a very small population to a very large one in a short period of time. Chances for disease due to sorts of inbreeding is likely.

Common in religious groups.

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Hardy-Weinberg principle

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p^2+2pq+q^2=1

used for allele frequencies.

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Heterozygous

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Different pairs of genes or alleles.

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Homozygous

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Identical pairs of genes or alleles.

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Homoplasy

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Structures do the same thing but do not have the same homology (common ancestor). Ex: bird wings vs insect wings.

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Homology

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Trait coming from a common ancestor.

Ex:Amphibians put their jaws on the ground and they can pick up the vibrations of predators. As they moved up to land the inner drum began to change. (This is an example of diverged homology)

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Polyploidy

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Error in meiosis where a full extra chromosomal set is in an autopolyploid.

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Reproductive Isolation/Gametic Isolation

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Different species that live in the same area are prevented from interbreeding by their properties.

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Sperm competition

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Males make sure that the sperm females are receiving is only their own.

Ex: Damsel fly

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Sexual dimorphism

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Fixed quantity of eggs that a female can produce, that's how their genetic inheritance will be passed on to the next gen.

Males have thousands of gametes to pass onto the next gen. they want to pass on their sperm to as many different eggs as possible.

To get strongest combo possible.

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Sexual Selection

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1. Female choice

Ex: ribbon tailed birds

2.Sperm competition

3. Combat

4.Infanticide

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Vicariance

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Separation of a group by a geographic barrier. Results in new variety of the group or species.

Ex: A bridge and highway, mountain or body of water.

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Fungi

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Gets nutrience through absorption. Multicelled saprophytic organisms that have a cell wall composed of chitin.

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Sampling error

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Caused by not enough measurements

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Nineteenth Century

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When biology is first described as science. Marked the start of a better understanding of the living world

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Vestigial Structures

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Structure that has lost all or most of its original function through evolution.

Ex. Appendix, tonsils, hairs on body ect..

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Microevolution

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Evolutionary changes that result from changes in allele frequencies in a population or in chromosome structure or numbers due to mutation

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Morphology

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Form and structural features of specific organisms.

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Allopolyploidy

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Two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species (usually diploid). Gives sterile diploid and fertile tetraploid

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Phylogeny

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The evolutionary history or development of a species/of a taxonomic group of organisms.

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Gene Flow

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Also called migration-movement of genes from one population to another,

Note: can be an important aspect of genetic variation if genes do not previously exist in that area.

*ALSO SOLVES BOTTLE NECK AFFECT

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Proximate cause

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Proximate cause is the trigger for a behavior. Ex: if a zebra is drinking at a water hole, and all of a sudden it hears another zebra nearby make an alarm call, it may stop drinking immediately and start running away instead. The proximate cause of the zebra running away would be the alarm call.

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What type of questions do historical narritives ask?

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Why?

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Dominant trait

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Type of trait that masks and hides another

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Example of Tertiary Literature/Source

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Textbook. Was written by someone who is not an expert on the topic is it usually a culmination of primary and secondary sources.

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Most of the earth's gaseous atmosphere probably resulted for its release from the
cooling molten core; the process is called this

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Outgasing

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Father of Experimental Physiology

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Harvey

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Stabilizing selection

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When selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait, the population experiences stabilizing selection. Ex: tall and short plants have extreme disadvantages so they stabilize into medium size plants (# increases) and the # of short and tall plants decrease

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Huxely

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Proposed the modern theory of evolution is when we apply population genetics to explain natural selection---> population genetics will behave in a Mendelian manor

The variation you see responds to the different environments around it

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Speciation

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Evolutionary process in which new species arise.