Bio-111 Test 2

Front 1

Nucleus

Back 1

Control center of the cell, transmits genetic info & provides instruction for proteins synthesis

Front 2

Cell cycle

Back 2

The series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed to the time it reproduces.

Front 3

Interphase

Back 3

Period before cell division.

4 subphases:

*G1- vigorous growth, synthesizing proteins rapidly & metabolically active

*G0- permanently cease dividing

*S- DNA replication

*G2- preparation of division

Front 4

Cell division

Back 4

Essential for body growth & tissue repair.

-2 events-

*Mitosis: division of the nucleus. 4 stages= PMAT- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & Telophase.

*Cytokinesis: begins during late Anaphase & ends after mitosis. A contraction ring made of actin filaments draws the plasma membrane inward to form a clevage furrow & pinches the cell apart. 2 daughter cells are formed, each containing a nucleus identical to the original.

Front 5

DNA Polymerase

Back 5

Means many parts. Is needed to make DNA.

Front 6

Helicase

Back 6

Unwinds DNA & exposes the bases.

Front 7

Protein synthesis

Back 7

DNA is the blueprint.

Front 8

Gene

Back 8

Segment of with blueprint for one polypeptide.

Front 9

Transcription

Back 9

Exact copy of DNA.

Front 10

Translation

Back 10

The instructions that DNA enforces to RNA to form protein.

Front 11

RNA types

Back 11

-3 types:

*messenger RNA (mRNA)- carries instructions for building a polypeptide from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm.

*ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- forms funcional ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. Together w/ tRNA translates messages from mRNA.

*transfer RNA (tRNA)- binds to amino acids & pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosomes to begin process of Protein synthesis.

Front 12

Tissue

Back 12

Group of cells similar in structure & function.

- 4 types:

*Epithelial

*Nervous

*Muscle

*Connective

Front 13

Nervous tissue

Back 13

Internal communication. Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Front 14

Muscle tissue

Back 14

Contracts to cause movement. Muscles attached to bones (skeletal), muscles attached to heart (cardiac), muscles of wall's of hollow organs (smooth).

Front 15

Epithelial tissue

Back 15

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters. Lining of the digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis).

Avascular (contains no blood cells) but innervated (supplied by nerve fibers), can also regenerate.

-2 major groups:

*1= simple cell with 1 layer/ nucleus

*>1= stratified cell with more than 1.

Front 16

Connective tissue

Back 16

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together. Bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue.

Front 17

Epithelial tissue types (epithelium)

Back 17

2 types:

*covering & lining epithelium- on external & internal surfaces.

*glandular epithelium- Secretory tissue in the glands.

Front 18

Epithelial cell shapes

Back 18

-Squamous cell (squam= scale)- flattened & scale like.

-Cuboidal cell- boxlike, approximately as talk as they are wide

-Columnar cell- talk & column shaped.

Front 19

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 19

Front 20

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

Back 20

Front 21

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 21

Front 22

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 22

Front 23

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 23

Front 24

Transitional epithelium

Back 24

Front 25

Glandular epithelia

Back 25

1 or more cells that makes & secretes aqueous (water- based) fluid. Site of product release is the endocrine (internal & ductless) or exocrine (external w/ ducts). Both from the pancreas. Endocrine makes hormones by exocytosis & exocrine secretes the substances.

Front 26

Modes of secretion

Back 26

*Merocrine glands- exocytosis (merely secrete) ex.spit out, sweat, produced by pancreas, sweat & saliva glands.

*Holocrine glands- rupture of accumulated product ex.oil glands of the skin.

Front 27

Connective tissue

Back 27

Is abundant in the human body. Major functions are to bind & support, protect, insulate, storing reserved fuel, transporting substances. 4 classes:

*connective tissue proper- loose, dense ex fat & fibrous tissue of ligament.

*cartalige

*bone

* blood

Front 28

Structural elements of Connective tissue

Back 28

*Ground substance- unstructured material fills space bt cells & contains fibers. Composed if fluid, protein & proteoglycans. Protein core + large polysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid) trap water I different amounts; forming a substance that varies from a fluid to a viscous gel.

*Fibers- 3 kinds- collagen, elastic & reticular in the dermis.

Front 29

Connective tissue cells

Back 29

*Blasts- immature cells, actively mitoyic, secrete ground substance & fibers. Connective tissue proper= fibroblasts, cartilage= chondroblast, bone= osteoblast.

*Cyte- mature cells, maintain matrix health.

*Fat cells- store nutrients

*White blood cells- neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes- connected with tissue response too injury. Neutrophil is the first in line against infection. Lymphocytes provide you with immunity- T cell (immunity)& B cell (antibodies).

*Mast cell- produces heparin ( blood thinner), histamine (vaso constrictor->closes lungs & throat)

*Macrophage- (large eaters) 2nd in defense, white blood cell that defends you against foreign objects.

Front 30

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

Back 30

Front 31

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

Back 31

Front 32

Connective tissue proper: loose convective tissue, reticular

Back 32

Front 33

Muscle tissue

Back 33

Highly cellular, well vascularized tissues that are responsible for body movement. 3 types- skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscles.

Front 34

Skeletal muscle

Back 34

Attached to the bones of the skeleton. Form flesh of the body,& as they contract they pull on bones or skin causing body movement. Long, cylindric with obvious striations.

Front 35

Cardiac muscle

Back 35

Only found in the walls of the heart. Contractions help propel blood thru blood vessels. Striated, intercalated discs.

Front 36

Smooth muscle

Back 36

Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs- digestive tract, urinary tract, uterus, blood vessels. Squeezes substances thru organs by alternately contracting & relaxing. No striations, spindle shaped.

Front 37

Neurons

Back 37

Basic unit of the nervous system. Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors & effector. Brain, spinal cord & nerves.

Front 38

Membranes

Back 38

3 types-

*cutaneous- the skin

*mucous (mucosae)- lines all body cavities that open to the outside of the body ex digestive & respiratory.

*serous (serosae)- found in closed ventral cavities ex mesothelium & areolar tissue.

Hint 38

Front 39

Steps to tissue repair

Back 39

1. Inflammation

2. Organization restores blood supply.

3. Regeneration & fibrosis.

Front 40

Layers of skin

Back 40

*epidermis- superficial, outer layer, protective shield of the body.

*dermis- middle layer, tough & leathery composed of dense connective tissue; blood vessels, arteries, & glands are located here.

*hypodermis- deepest layer,subcutaneous, also called superficial fascia, not technically part of skin, consist mostly of adipose tissue.

Front 41

Cells of the epidermis

Back 41

*keratinocytes- produce fiberous protein keratin.

*melanocytes- melanin pigment of the skin.

*dendritic (langerhans)- activate immune system.

*tactile (merkel)- touch receptors.

Front 42

Layers of the epidermis

Back 42

*stratum basale (basal layer)- deepest layer, attached to dermis, takes time to heal if damaged.

*stratum spinosum (prickly layer)- several cell layers thick, keratinocytes contain melanin & dendritic cells.

*stratum granulosum (granular layer)- thin, cells fill with keratin, nuclei & organelles disintegrate & accumulate keratohylaine granules & lamellar granules.

*stratum lucidum (clear layer)- in thick skin, translucent, dead keratinocytes.

*stratum corneum (horny layer)- outermost layer, protect the skin from abrasions & penetration.

Front 43

Dermis

Back 43

Strong, flexible connective tissue. 2 layers-

*papillary- areolar connective tissue with collagen, contain free nerve endings, capillary loops, meissner's corpuscles; touch.

*reticular- thick, provides stretch recoil proper.

Front 44

Skin color

Back 44

*melanin- yellow to reddish brown- brown to black, responsible for most skin color

*carotene- yellow to orange, seen in palms & soles of feet.

*hemoglobin- pinkish hue off fair skin, appears in mucous membrane & nail beds.