Bio 1107 Gas Exchange & Circulation

Front 1

Ventilation

Back 1

Movement of air or water through a special gas-exchange organ

Front 2

Diffusion at the respiratory surface

Back 2

O2 moves the air or water into the blood and CO2 moves from the blood into the air or water.

(O2 comes in, CO2 goes out)

Front 3

Circulation

Back 3

The transport of dissolved O2 and CO2 throughout the body via the circulatory system.

Front 4

Diffusion at the tissues

Back 4

O2 moves from the blood to the tissues and CO2 moves from the tissues to the blood.

Front 5

Cellular respiration

Back 5

Cells use of O2 and production of CO2

Front 6

O2 vs. CO2 concentrations

Back 6

O2 has high concentration in the environment and low in tissues.

CO2 has low concentration in the environment and high in tissues.

Front 7

Elevation and O2 levels

Back 7

Low pressure (high elevation) causes low O2 levels

Hint 7

Mount Everest

Front 8

Partial pressure

Back 8

The pressure of one particular gas in a mixture of gas.

You use Daltons law to calculate the partial pressure. (Multiply composition of desired gas by tital pressure exerted.)

(Air pressure is .21)

Front 9

Movement of O2 and CO2 depending on pressure

Back 9

Both will move from high pressure to be in low pressure.

Front 10

Energy to breath under water vs. Air

Back 10

It takes much more energy to breath under water than to breath in air.

Front 11

The amount of O2 and CO2 that dissolve into water are dependent on...

Back 11

1. Solubility of the gas in water

2. Temperature of the water

3. Presence of other solutes

4. Partial pressure of the gas in contact with the water

Front 12

Fick's law of diffusion

Back 12

The rate of diffusion of a gas depends on:

1. Solubility of the gas

2. Temp.

3. Surface area available for diffusion

4. Different in partial pressures

5. Thickness of the barrier in diffusion

Front 13

Rate of diffusion equation

Back 13

Diffusion constant x area for gas exchange x (difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of barrier) ÷ thickness of barrier

Front 14

Operculum

Back 14

A stiff flap over the gills that create a pressure gradient

Front 15

Gill filaments

Back 15

Thin long structures that extend from each gill arch.

Front 16

Gill lamellae

Back 16

Make up gill filaments, sheetlike and high in number

Front 17

Blood flow in capillaries vs. Water flow over gills

Back 17

The blood flow through the capillaries is in the opposite direction as the water flow over the gills which creates a countercurrent exchange system.

Front 18

Trachea

Back 18

Air filled tubes in insects

Open to the outside spiracles

Front 19

Spiracles

Back 19

Outside pores on insects. Air moves through the spiraled into the trachea which brings the air to the tissues and cells.

Front 20

Insect tracheae function

Back 20

Inhale

Drop in pressure (muscles relaxed) -> trachea increases in volume -> air rushes in -> increase in pressure

Exhale

Increase in pressure (muscles tight) -> trachea decreases in volume -> air rushes out -> decrease in pressure

Front 21

What limits how large insects can be?

Back 21

Their tracheal system

Front 22

Alveoli

Back 22

Tiny sacs mammalian lungs are divided into

Front 23

Diaphragm

Back 23

Thin muscular sheet that changed the volume of the chest cavity, changing the lung pressure and causing ventilation

Front 24

Inhalation

Back 24

Diaphragm contracts causing pressure in the chest to lower. Lungs expand and air moves in.

Front 25

Exhalation

Back 25

The diaphragm relaxes, the chest pressure decreases and air is released

Front 26

Dead space

Back 26

Portions of the air passages that do not have a respiratory surface

Front 27

Hemoglobin

Back 27

An oxygen carrying molecule found in red blood cells

If hemoglobin saturation is 100% that means every binding site has an oxygen molecule

Front 28

The oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve

Back 28

Percentage of hemoglobin saturation (supply) vs. O2 needed in the tissues blood (demand)

Front 29

Cooperative binding

Back 29

Causes haemoglobin to deliver more O2 when resting than exercising

Front 30

Bohr shift

Back 30

Hemoglobin releases oxygen during exercises

Front 31

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 31

(In red blood cells) catalyzes formation of carbonic acid

Front 32

Open circulatory system

Back 32

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

Front 33

Hemolymph

Back 33

In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that surrounds tissues

Front 34

Closed circulatory system

Back 34

system in which blood is contained within a network of blood vessels

Front 35

Cardiovascular system

Back 35

the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body

Front 36

Arteries

Back 36

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Front 37

Arterioles

Back 37

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

Front 38

Capillaries

Back 38

tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body

Front 39

Venules

Back 39

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

Front 40

Veins

Back 40

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

Front 41

Single circulation

Back 41

a circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart

Front 42

Double circulation

Back 42

a circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit

Front 43

Systemic circuit

Back 43

Circuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Front 44

Heart murmur

Back 44

an abnormal sound of the heart

Front 45

Cardiac cycle

Back 45

the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next

Front 46

Systole

Back 46

the contraction of the chambers of the heart to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Front 47

Diastole

Back 47

the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood

Front 48

Cardiac output

Back 48

the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time

Front 49

Atriovenicular valve

Back 49

either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

Front 50

Vital capacity

Back 50

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer)

Front 51

Negative pressure breathing

Back 51

a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs

Front 52

Positive pressure breathing

Back 52

A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs

Front 53

Larynx

Back 53

a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea

Front 54

Hypertension

Back 54

High Blood pressure

Front 55

Stroke

Back 55

a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain

Front 56

Heart attack

Back 56

the event in which vessels that feed the heart muscle become blocked, causing tissue death

Front 57

Atherosclerosis

Back 57

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Front 58

Low density lipoprotein

Back 58

"bad cholesterol"; transports cholesterol from the liver to the body tissues

Front 59

High density lipoprotein

Back 59

"good cholesterol";transports cholesterol from the arteries to the liver

Front 60

Erythroprotein

Back 60

a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells