Bio 11

Front 1

Microbes

Back 1

Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, viruses, viroids, and prions; basically all microscopic forms of life.

Front 2

Normal microbiota

Back 2

Natural flora of microbes living in the human body; assist with digestion, keep foreign microbes out by outcompeting them.

Front 3

Decomposers

Back 3

Mainly bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter

Front 4

Biogenesis

Back 4

"Life from life" existing organisms only come from reproduction by other living organisms.

Front 5

Central dogma

Back 5

Genes are made by protein synthesis directed by instructions from DNA

Front 6

RNA first hypothesis

Back 6

Rna, made of organic monomers of sugars sugars, nucleotides and inorganic phosphate, was the first polymer to evolve.

Front 7

Protein first hypothesis

Back 7

Proteins existed first, before dna and rna; protobionts developed plasma membrane and enzymes to synthesize dna and rna.

Front 8

Prokaryotes

Back 8

Singe-celled organism that lacked a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Dna free within the cell.

Front 9

Archaea

Back 9

Not closely related to other group, reproduce asexually, small in size, with a single, circular DNA molecule. Can exist to extreme environments due to the lack of peptidoglycan

Front 10

Halophiles, thermoacidophiles, methanogens

Back 10

Types of archaea

Front 11

Halophiles

Back 11

Thrive in salty conditions, up to 15%

Front 12

Thermoacidophiles

Back 12

Found in extremely hot, acidic aquatic environments such as hot springs and geysers, underwater volcanoes:

Front 13

Methanogens

Back 13

Use mainly CO2 and hydrogen for energy, which produces methane gas; found in aerobic environments such as swamps, bogs and sediments as well as GI tracts of animals

Front 14

Cocci (sphere), bacilli (rod), sprillum (spiral)

Back 14

3 shapess of bacteria

Front 15

Binary fission

Back 15

Bacteria reproduce asexually by ____ (each daughter cell is an exact clone of parent, with half its cytoplasm)

Front 16

Gram stain

Back 16

Procedure uses chemical stains to color the bacteria, viewed through a microscope.

Front 17

Gram negative

Back 17

According to gram stain, bacteria stain pink due to thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Front 18

Conjugation

Back 18

Happens when DNA is passed to another bacteria through a tube called a sex pilus. Must be the same or very similar species for gene transfer.

Front 19

Transformation

Back 19

Occurs when bacteria absorb DNA that is free in the media they are growing in, usually released by dead bacteria.

Front 20

Transduction

Back 20

Is the transport of bacterial DNA by viruses from one bacteria to another.

Front 21

Heterotropic

Back 21

Bacteria that require an outside source of energy.

Front 22

Autotropic

Back 22

Bacteria creating their own energy either through photosynthesis or use carbon dioxide as an organic compound

Front 23

Cyanobacteria

Back 23

Are photosynthetic bacteria believed to br responsible for releasing much of the oxygen found in the earths atmosphere.

Front 24

Streptococcal infections

Back 24

Are the most common type of infection found in humans. Pneumonia, meningitis, ear.

Front 25

Antibiotics

Back 25

Drugs that kill or inhibit bacterial growth using different mechanisms.

Front 26

Chemical recycling

Back 26

Breakdown of organic wastes, nitrogen fixation for plants.

Front 27

Bioremediation

Back 27

Using bacteria to remove pollutants from air, water, and soul; used in sewage treatment

Front 28

Acellular

Back 28

All viruses are ____, obligate parasites (must have a living cell to reproduce by using products from that cell)

Front 29

Attachment, entry, replication, biosynthesis, assembly, budding.

Back 29

What are six stages viral reproduction go through?

Front 30

Retroviruses

Back 30

Uses a special mode of reproduction using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

Front 31

Viroid

Back 31

Acellular structure that consists of a circular piece of naked RNA, which doesnt appear to code for any proteins.

Front 32

Prions

Back 32

Particles made from normal proteins of the brain have converted to an abnormal shape. Can cause mad cow diseases, scrapie in sheep

Front 33

Endosymbiotic theory

Back 33

A theory that said Mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from symbiotic bacteria that lived inside larger host prokaryotes.

Front 34

Gram positive

Back 34

Accrording to gram stain, bacteria stains purple because of the thick layer of peptidoglycan