Bio 109 Chapt 27 And 31

Front 1

List 2 benefits of prokaryotes to humans

Back 1

1. Decomposers
2. Occupy Space in mouth and gut
3. Digest Foods to provide vitamins
4. Give us foods (Yogurt, cheese)

Front 2

What does “LPS” stand for? What does it do?
On what type of bacteria does it exist and where?

Back 2

1. Lipopolysaccharide
2. It is an endotoxin that is released
when the bacteria die
3. Gram negative bacteria outer membrane

Front 3

How does the drug erythromycin
work?

Back 3

It targets the ribosome of
the bacteria and inhibits
it from making protein,
which kills the bacteria.

Front 4

What is the difference
between conjugation,
transformation, and
transduction?

Back 4

Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material from one
bacteria to another.
Transformation is the uptake of genetic material by a
bacteria from the environment.
Transduction is the transfer of genetic material by a virus
into the bacteria.

Front 5

What is the only type of
bacteria that can create
organic material from light
energy and carbon dioxide?

Back 5

Cyanobacteria

Front 6

What is the purpose of
having flat, long mycelia?

Back 6

To increase the surface area
available for absorption

Front 7

What phylum produces the
zygosporangium? Under what
conditions would a fungus form
a zygosporangium?

Back 7

Phylum Zygomycota
When the fungus is under
stressful conditions it forms the zygosporangium because it’s resistant to freeze drying and is metabolically inactive.

Front 8

What is the function of sexual
reproduction in fungi?

Back 8

Fungi undergo sexual
reproduction when
environmental conditions are
not favorable. They rearrange
the DNA to see if there is a
better chance of survival.

Front 9

In a lichen, the photosynthetic
organism participates by
donating sugar molecules to the fungus. What role does the
fungus play?

Back 9

The fungus can absorb
nutrients and minerals from
the surrounding environment
that aide in the synthesis of
the sugars and survival of
both species. The fungus also
provides structure for the
organism. They act similarly
in mycorrhizae.

Front 10

Penicillin is an important
antibiotic for humans against
pathogenic bacteria. What type of fungus is it? What is special about this type?

Back 10

Deutermycete.
They have no known sexual
stage (2n).

Front 11

This structure consists of
absorbing hyphae tips that
penetrate host tissue and
act as a parasite.

Back 11

Haustoria(um)

Front 12

What distinguishing feature separates chytrids from other fungal phyla?

Back 12

The flagellum. Note: fungi are aquatic, and the most primitive (oldest.) type of fungi

Front 13

In the phylum ascomycota,
the fungi undergoes its
sexual stage in the ascocarp
where it produces
ascospores. How does it
reproduce asexually? What
are the names of the
structure that reproduces and
the name of the spore?

Back 13

It reproduces asexually by
producing tons of spores at the
tips of conidiophores. The
spores are called conidia.

Front 14

In European folklore, fairy rings
were considered the gateways to
the Elfin kingdoms or the place
where elves gathered to dance.
What phylum of fungi produces
these structures? Are the
mushrooms diploid, dikaryotic, or
haploid?

Back 14

Phylum Basidiomycota. The rings
are at the tips of the fungus
(underground). The structure is
dikaryotic, but karyogamy occurs here.

Front 15

What special structure is unique to
the phylum zygomycota? What is so
special about it? What bacterial structure is similar in function to this special structure?

Back 15

The zygosporangium. It is
resistant to freeze drying and is metabolically inactive.
Endospore

Front 16

This type of fungus do not have
divided hyphae. Name a type of human cell that is similar (in this repsect) to this type of fungus.

Back 16

Coenocytic fungi.
Muscle cells.

Front 17

This is the primary structural
component of the fungus cell wall.
Name another type of organism that
has this component present in its
exoskeleton.

Back 17

Chitin.
Insects.

Front 18

This structure aids the plant by
increasing the absorptive surface of
roots in exchange for organic
nutrients synthesized by the plant.

Back 18

Mycorrhizae

Front 19

This type of fungus is known for
having sac like reproductive
structures.

Back 19

Phylum Ascomycota.

Front 20

This type of fungus is unicelluar and
Inhabits liquid or moist environments.

Back 20

Phylum Ascomycota.

Front 21

This type of fungus is unicelluar and
Inhabits liquid or moist environments.

Back 21

Yeasts.

Front 22

When this process occurs, the plasma
membranes and contents of two fungal
cells are fused.

Back 22

Plasmogamy.

Front 23

When this process occurs, two identical
cells are produced.

Back 23

Mitosis

Front 24

When this process occurs, four
genetically different cells are
produced.

Back 24

Meiosis

Front 25

When this process occurs, the
nuclei of two fused fungal cells are
conjoined to go from an n+n
(dikaryotic) cell to a 2n (diploid)
cell.

Back 25

karyogamy

Front 26

This process is generally
performed when the fungus is
under stressful conditions that
threaten its survival. Why?

Back 26

Sexual reproduction. The hope is that
the genetically recombined spores will
have a greater chance of survival than
the parent.

Front 27

This type of fungus is unicelluar and
Inhabits liquid or moist environments.

Back 27

Yeasts.

Front 28

When this process occurs, the plasma
membranes and contents of two fungal
cells are fused.

Back 28

Plasmogamy.

Front 29

When this process occurs, two identical
cells are produced.

Back 29

Mitosis

Front 30

When this process occurs, four
genetically different cells are
produced.

Back 30

Meiosis

Front 31

When this process occurs, the
nuclei of two fused fungal cells are
conjoined to go from an n+n
(dikaryotic) cell to a 2n (diploid)
cell.

Back 31

karyogamy

Front 32

This process is generally
performed when the fungus is
under stressful conditions that
threaten its survival. Why?

Back 32

Sexual reproduction. The hope is that
the genetically recombined spores will
have a greater chance of survival than
the parent.

Front 33

Sphere shaped prokaryotes

Back 33

Cocci

Front 34

Rod shaped prokaryotes

Back 34

Bacilli

Front 35

Spiral Shaped Prokaryotes

Back 35

spirilla, spirochetes

Front 36

Funtions of a cell wall

Back 36

(1)maintains cell shape
(2)affords physical protection
(3) prevents bursting in hypotonic environment (will plasmolyze in hypertonic environment)

Front 37

What is peptidoglycan

Back 37

Sugars crosslinked with polypeptides

Front 38

Valuable tool for identifying bacteria

Back 38

Gram-Stain... crystal violet

Front 39

Among pathogens this type of prokaryote is more threatening

Back 39

Gram-Negative

Front 40

Reasons gram negative are more toxic than gram positive

Back 40

1.) LPS (lipopolysaccarides
2.) Outer membrane protects against host defenses
3.)Greater resistance to anibiotics

Hint 40

3

Front 41

Antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan x-linking -interferes with cell wall function

Back 41

penicilin

Front 42

sticky substance that forms another protective layer that is secreted by prokaryotes

Back 42

Capsule

Front 43

Valuable tool for identifying bacteria

Back 43

Gram-Stain... crystal violet

Front 44

Among pathogens this type of prokaryote is more threatening

Back 44

Gram-Negative

Front 45

Reasons gram negative are more toxic than gram positive

Back 45

1.) LPS (lipopolysaccarides
2.) Outer membrane protects against host defenses
3.)Greater resistance to anibiotics

Front 46

Antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan x-linking -interferes with cell wall function

Back 46

penicilin

Front 47

sticky substance that forms another protective layer that is secreted by prokaryotes

Back 47

Capsule

Front 48

Functions of capsules

Back 48

1.Enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals to form a colony

2. Can shield pathogenic species from host’s immune system

Front 49

Hairlike appendages that allow organisms to stick to thier substrate or one another.

Back 49

Fimbriae and Pili

Front 50

The 3 ways prokaryotes can move

Back 50

Flagella action (most common)
Corkscrew motion (spirochetes)
Secrete slimmy threads

Front 51

Directional movement

Back 51

Taxis

Front 52

2 types of taxis

Back 52

phototaxis and chemotaxis

Front 53

Small rings of DNA

Back 53

plasmids

Front 54

Other antibiotics other than penicilin and how they work

Back 54

erythromycin and tetracycline
bind to prokaryotic ribosomes and block protein synthesis.

Front 55

Method of reprodution in prokaryotes

Back 55

binary fission

Front 56

What is an endospore?

Back 56

resistant cells formed when essential nutrient in environment is lacking.

Front 57

_____________ can withstand boiling water and can remain dormant for centuries.

Back 57

Endospores

Front 58

Clicker question:
What is the mechanism whereby genes are transferred from one prokaryote to another by a virus:

Back 58

Transduction

Front 59

Clicker question:
Dr. King discovers a new prokaryote in his backyard.
It has a cell wall that contains peptidoglycans and proteins,
and does NOT have chitin or lipopolysaccharides. What could this new organism be?

Back 59

gram positive bacteria

Front 60

4 groups of prokaryotes categorized according to energy & carbon use

Back 60

(1) Photoautotrophs - Photosynthetic organisms
use light energy to drive synthesis of organic cpds from CO2 (plants & algae)
(2) Chemoautotrophs - Need only CO2, but oxidize inorganic substances for energy (H2S, NH3, Fe+2)
(3) Photoheterotrophs - Use light for energy, obtain carbon in organic form
(4) Chemoheterotrophs - Consume organic molecules for energy & carbon (protists, fungi & animals and some parasitic plants)

Front 61

4 Types of Metabolic relationships with O2

Back 61

1.Obligate aerobes - use O2 for cellular respiration & cannot grow without it
2. Facultative anaerobes - use O2 if present but can grow anaerobically
3. Obligate anaerobes - poisoned by O2

Front 62

Process in which organisms convert N2 to NH4

Back 62

Nitrogen Fixation

Front 63

photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation occur in different cells within the colony.

Back 63

Anabaena

Front 64

Why is rRNA used to survey and classify taxonmic groups

Back 64

because all organisms have ribosomes

Front 65

4 major clades of archaea

Back 65

1.Euryarchaeota (most are halophiles & methanogens)
2.Crenarchaeota (most are thermophiles)
3.Korarchaeota
4.Nanoarcheota

Front 66

3 groups of Extremophiles

Back 66

(1)Extreme Thermophiles - thrive in hot environments
(2) Extreme Halophiles -live in high salt environments (ex. salt lakes and Dead sea)
(3) Methanogens- obtain energy by using CO2 to oxidize H2--- CH4 strict anaerobes (poisoned by O2)

Front 67

5 major clades of prokaryotic bacteria

Back 67

1. Proteobacteria
2. Clamydias urethritis
3..Spirochetes
4.Gram positive bacteria
5.Cyanobacteria

Front 68

Prokaryote clade with gram-negative bacteria

Back 68

Proteobacteria

Front 69

Most common STD in the US is found in this clade of protobacteria

Back 69

Clamydias urethritis

Front 70

syphilis, Lyme disease belong in this clade of probacteria

Back 70

spirochetes

Front 71

only prokaryotes with plantlike oxygenic photosynthesis

Back 71

cyanobacteria

Front 72

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact.

Back 72

Symbiosis

Front 73

Three types of symbiotic relationships

Back 73

1. Mutualism - both benefit
2. Commensalism - one receives benefits while neither harming nor helping the other
3. Parasitism - one (parasite) benefits at expense of the host

Front 74

Prokaryotes that live in throats of healthy people - cause pneumonia when defenses down

Back 74

Streptococcus pneumonia

Front 75

Koch’s Postulates

Back 75

1. Find the same pathogen in each diseased indiv.
2.Isolate & grow in pure culture
3. Induce the disease in experimental animals by transferring the pathogen from culture
4. Isolate the same pathogen from experimental animal after disease develops

Front 76

How do prokaryotes cause diseases?

Back 76

1. invade tissues
2. Produce poisins

Front 77

Toxic proteins secreted by the prokaryote

Back 77

exotoxin

Front 78

toxins released when prokayote dies

Back 78

endotoxin

Front 79

1 gram of this prokaryotes toxin can kill 1,000,000 people

Back 79

botulism

Front 80

most widespread pest-carried disease in US

Back 80

Lyme disease

Front 81

2 reasons for the growth of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

Back 81

1. imprudent antibiotic use
2. Horizontal Gene Transfer

Front 82

Uses of prokaryotes in research & technology

Back 82

1. Used extensively in modern research
2. Bioremediation-use of organisms to remove pollutants from water air and soil
3. Commercialized products (yogurt)

Front 83

All fungi are _______. (nutritional mode)

Back 83

Hetrotrophs

Front 84

Powerful hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi in order to digest food

Back 84

exoenzymes

Front 85

3 Major functions of fungi

Back 85

Fungi function as:

(1)decomposers (saprobes) - absorb nutrients from non-living organic material
(2)parasites - absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts
(3) Mutualistic symbionts - absorb nutrients from living host but reciprocate

Front 86

fungi constructed of tiny filaments called

Back 86

hyphae

Front 87

hyphae form a interwoven mat called

Back 87

mycelium

Front 88

Divide hyphae

Back 88

septa

Front 89

Cell walls in fungi are built mainly of

Back 89

chitin

Front 90

some fungi are ____ and have no divisions of thier hyphae they are called ____ fungi

Back 90

aseptate;coenocytic

Front 91

modified hyphea in parasitic fungi are known as

Back 91

haustoria

Front 92

heterokaryon

Back 92

the state a fungi is in after the cells have fused this can last only hours or for centuries

Front 93

the fungi's life cycle is composed of two main parts.

Back 93

Plasmogamy
karyogamy

Front 94

five major phylums of fungi

Back 94

1. Chytridiomycota
2.Zygomycota
3.Glomeromycota
4.Ascomycota
5.Basidiomycota

Front 95

most primative Fungi phyllum with that may provide clues about fungi's orgins. Many of this type of fungi are aquatic. they evolved from protist and are the only fungi that still have the fagella

Back 95

Chytridomycota

Front 96

Uniflagelliated spores in the fungi chytridomycota

Back 96

zoospores

Front 97

Phylum of fung that forms a resistant structure during sexual reproduction

Back 97

Phylum Zygomycota

Front 98

one group of fungi in the phylum _________ forms ________- mutialistic association with roots in plants

Back 98

Zygomycota--- Mycorrhizae

Front 99

Sac like fungi phylum

Back 99

Ascomycota

Front 100

In the phylum Ascomycota sexual spores are created in a sac like structure called the _______

Back 100

Asci

Front 101

What phylum does the fungi yeast belong to?

Back 101

Ascomycota

Front 102

In ascomycota's Sexual stages occur in macroscopic fruiting bodies

Back 102

ascocarps

Front 103

Ascomycota's produce asexually by producing enormous # of spores at tips of specialized hyphae called in ________ with spores called______

Back 103

conidiophores;conidia

Front 104

Club Fungi

Back 104

Basidiomycota

Front 105

In the phylum basidiomycota mycelium reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies called ______ (the mushroom of the mushroom)

Back 105

basidiocarps

Front 106

_________of a basidiocarp are sources of sexual spores

Back 106

Basidia

Front 107

_____, ______, _______ & ___________ are specialized lifestyles that evolved independently in diverse fungal phyla

Back 107

Molds, yeasts, lichens & mycorrhizae

Front 108

_____ are rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungi
Go through series of different reproductive stages

Back 108

Molds

Front 109

Molds that have no known sexual stage

Back 109

deutermycetes

Front 110

unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats

Back 110

yeast

Front 111

Term for fungal infection

Back 111

mycosis

Front 112

Often mistaken for mosses
Symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms ( green algae or cyanobacteria) held in mesh of fungal hyphae

Back 112

lichens

Front 113

– delicacies - fruiting bodies of certain mycorrhizal ascomycetes associated with tree roots

Back 113

Morsels and Truffles