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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protein digesting enzymes
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Amino acids
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Carbohydrate (e.g. disaccharide, polysaccharide) digesting enzymes
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Monosaccharides
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Nucleic-acid digesting enzymes
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Nucleotides
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Fat-digesting enzymes
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Glycerol fatty acids
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Different polymers have specific...
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... breakdown characteristics.
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Starch/amylose
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Location: Plants
Enzyme: Amylase |
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Glycogen
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Location: Animal cells
Enzyme: Glycogen phosporylase |
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Cellulose
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Location: Plant cell walls (wood)
Enzyme: Cellulase (not found in animals) |
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Herbivores & fermentation chambers.
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Herbivores have fermentation chambers where symbiotic bacteria digest the carbohydrate cellulose from grass & leaves.
Seen in ruminants: four chamber stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum) |
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An animal's digestive system adapts to their...
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...diet.
(Herbivore alimentary canals grow longer to adapt to the longer time needed for digestion of vegetation.) |
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Ancestral humans & digestive system
What are some adaptations made to our digestive system and why? How does it differ from other omnivores? |
Ancestral humans were omnivores.
Our adaptations to our digestive system were made so we can digest more meats/animals Ours is very short compared to most omnivores. We eat cooked food. |
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We don't need to create amino acids/metabolites from scratch. Why?
How many essential amino acids are there? How much can't our bodies make? |
We eat both plants and animals, so we don't have to create them from scratch.
There are 20 amino acids in total. There are 8 essential amino acids we can't synthesize. We can construct the other 12. Meat, eggs and milk give us all 20. Vegetarians must take supplements. |
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What do we need energy for?
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1. Metabolic reactions
2. Maintain the charge and composition of electrolytes around the membranes of the cells 3. Maintain & build structures of the cell (always renewing) |
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What are membranes?
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Membranes are mosaics of phospolipids and proteins that act as barriers to what can and can't enter the cell.
Molecules cross hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer through protein channels. |
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Passive transport
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When solutes move from a HIGH concentration across a membrane to a LOW concentration on the other side of the membrane.
NO energy investment. |
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Diffusion
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The movement of molecules DOWN a concentration gradient (from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration).
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Equilibrium
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When there is no net gradient, so there is no net movement.
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Osmosis
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The diffusion of water across a membrane.
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Selectively permeable
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Only SOME molecules can cross the membrane.
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Water balance & cells
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Water balance between cells and their environment is crucial to organisms (& survival of the cell)
Animal cells in lower solutes in hypertonic solutions are lysed (flooded with water). Animal cells in high solutes in hypertonic solutions are shriveled. |
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Active transport
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Cells ExPAND energy in ACTIVE TRANSPORT.
The movement of solutions across the membrane USING energy input. Transports from LOW to HIGH concentrations. Opposite of diffusion. Large amount of energy our body consumes is used to move solutes (ions & small molecules) across membrane. |
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Exergonic
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Reactions that release energy and are spontaneous.
Proceeds with a NET release of energy. |
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Endergonic
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Reactions that take up energy and are not spontaneous.
REQUIRES an input of energy to proceed. |
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Some chemical reactions...
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- Proceed with a NET release of energy.
- OR REQUIRE an input of energy to proceed. |
