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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name four important evolutionary developments for plants.
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1) Protected embryo (500M years – early evolution the major adaptation geared toward the prevention of dessication); 2) Vascular tissue (430M years); 3) Seeds (400M years); 4) Flowers (135M years – response to insects)
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What is meant by the phrase “alternation of generations” in the plant life cycle?
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There is a multicellular diploid phase that alternates with a multicellular haploid phase. The haploid is the gametophyte and the diploid is the sporophyte
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What is a gametophyte?
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A multicellular haploid
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What is a sporophyte?
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A multicellular diploid
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By what process are spores formed?
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Meiosis
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By what process are gametes formed?
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Mitosis
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Which is the haploid phase of a plant life cycle?
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Gametophyte
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Which is the diploid phase of a plant life cycle?
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Sporophyte
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Which generation is dominant in mosses?
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Gametophyte
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Which generation is dominant in ferns?
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In all plants except Division Bryophyta, the sporophyte is dominant
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Which generation is dominant in gymnosperms?
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Sporophyte
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Which generation is dominant in angiosperms?
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Sporophyte
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Describe the differences between monocots and dicots in flower arrangement, leaf venation, number of cotyledons.
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Monocot flower arrangement is in threes; monocots have a single cotyledon and parallel venation in leaves; Dicot flower arrangement is in fours or fives; dicots have two cotyledons and networked venation in leaves
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Name all the flower parts required for a flower to be complete.
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1) Sepal (calyx); 2) Petals (corolla); 3) Stamens (anther & filament); 4) Carpel (stigma, style & ovary)
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Name all the flower parts required for a flower to be perfect.
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Both stamen and carpel.
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Define inflorescence.
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A cluster of flowers
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What is a shoot?
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The above-ground part of a plant.
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Name three parts of a shoot.
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Stem, leaf, & flowers/fruit
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What is a node?
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Part of stem that holds buds which grow into leaves, inflorescence, cones, stems, etc.; nodes contain undifferentiated tissue
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What is an internode?
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Spaces separating the nodes
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What are the functions of a stem?
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Support, transport, storage and production (of new living tissue or hormones)
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What are the functions of a root?
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Anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs water and minerals, storage and hormone production
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What are the functions of a leaf?
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Photosynthesis and gas exchange
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What is a petiole?
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“Leaf stem” supports the leave and provides transport
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List and describe the three basic types of tissue in plants.
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1) Dermal (covering); 2) Ground (support, storage, protection & growth); 3) Vascular (transport and support)
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List and describe the three basic types of ground tissue.
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1) Parenchyma (basic filling tissue, undifferentiated cells) (think lettuce); 2) Collenchyma (flexible support to young stems and petioles) (think celery); 3) Sclerenchyma (lignins, fibers and sclerids)(think nuts)
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What’s the difference between fibers and sclerids?
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Fibers are elongated sclerenchyma and sclerids are rounded sclerenchyma (think fibers versus nuts)
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What is the function of xylem?
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Conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves
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What is the function of phloem?
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Conducts food and nutrients from leaves to roots
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Name two types of cells present in xylem.
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Tracheids and vessel elements
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Which of the two types of cells present in xylem is absent in gymnosperms?
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Vessel elements are absent in gymnosperms
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What is the function of tracheids in angiosperms?
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Water transport
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What is the function of tracheids in gymnosperms?
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Support and water transport
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What is the function of vessels?
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Vascular transport
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Name two types of cells present in phoem.
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Sieve tube cells and companion cells
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Which type of vascular cell has perforation plates at their longitudinal cell walls?
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Vessel elements
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Which type of vascular cell has sieve plates at their longitudinal cell walls?
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Sieve tube cells
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Define meristem.
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Where new cells are added to the plant body by mitosis. A region in a plant where mitosis is going on.
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How do vascular bundles in monocots differ from those of dicots?
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They are scattered throughout the stem in monocots
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Define corolla.
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Petals
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Define calyx.
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Sepals
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Define androecium.
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The male parts of flowers; stamen (anther and filament)
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Define gynoecium.
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Female parts of flowers; carpel (stigma, style, and ovary)
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What is wood?
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It is the secondary xylem in the stems of trees and other woody plants; secondary xylem -> wood; secondary phloem -> inner bark
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Where is the vascular cambium of trees located?
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In the vascular bundles between the xylem and phloem and extends into the space between the bundles and connects to form a complete ring.
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What is the function of the vascular cambium?
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To provide new xylem cells to the inside and new phloem cells to the outside
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What is the function of the cork cambium?
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Produces cork (outer bark) tissue to the outside; Serves as a secondary meristem that develops in cortex as the epidermis is torn and stretched by internal expansion
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What is a stolon?
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Horizontal stem that branches from main stem above the ground (aka a “runner”)
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What is a rhizome?
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Horizontal stem that runs underground – frequently mistaken for a root.
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What is a corm?
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Swollen main stem for food storage (e.g., onion)
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What is a tuber?
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A swollen stolon or rhizome – used for storage (e.g. potato – actually a modified stem & not a root)
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Adventitious
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“Growing where it’s not supposed to” e.g., adventitious roots
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What is a root hair?
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Extension of a root epidermal cell that collectively increases the surface area for the absorption of water and minerals. Root hairs add length, which helps with ion or nutrient absorption.
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What is a Casparian strip?
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Structure that controls entry of material to vascular cylinder.
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Where is the Casparian strip located and what is its function?
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In the endodermis with the function of controlling entry of material to the vascular cylinder; Casparian strips force water into the cytoplasm of endodermis cells in order to get to the the xylem.
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What is a taproot?
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Most common type of root; central root dominate (think carrot)
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What are fibrous roots?
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Common in grasses
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What is an adventitious root?
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A root growing where it shouldn’t. For example, runners may settle down to produce adventitious roots.
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Where would you expect to find palisade cells in a leaf?
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On the side facing the sun (They are a densely packed cell structure for maximum light interception)
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What is the condition of guard cells when stomata are closed?
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Flaccid. Water is pumped out of guard cells to close stomate. Turgid guard cells -> open stomata; Flaccid guard cells -> closed stomata
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What is a pinnately compound leaf?
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Leaves with a “finger-like” arrangement of leaflets.
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What is a palmately compound?
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What distinguishes the O horizon of soils?
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Organic material, both living and dead but not yet incorporated into the mineral soil.
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Describe the A, B and C horizons of soils.
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A is topsoil, the layer of mineral soil with the most incorporated organic matter, mineral nutrients and life; B is subsoil; C is substratum (broken up parent material)
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What are the plant macronutrients?
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CHOPKNS CaFe Mg (C. Hopkins café. Mighty good); carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, magnesium
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Why are cations retained by soils better than anions?
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Cations are retained by attraction to negatively charged soil particles. Anions, on the other hand, leach out.
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What condition must be met for ions to be absorbed by the root?
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The ion must be touching the root. Diffusion plays a role. Nutriten uptake is charge balanced and energy expensive therefore roots must respire.
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Why do roots function poorly in flooded soils?
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Because roots must respire, they need oxygen. The best soils have both small pores to hold water and larger pored to hold air.
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What are root nodules and what function to they play?
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Root nodules grow as bacteria live in symbiosis with the plant. The bacteria fix nitrogen as NH3 (ammonia)
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What are mycorrhizae, and how do they help the root?
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Fungi in symbiosis with plants; they put out mycelia that extend the length and absorb some of the plant’s sugars (mutualism)
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How does the root help mycorrhizae?
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Give the fungus sugar
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Why are small plants with shallow roots more susceptible to drought that more deeply rooted plants?
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Soil dessicates from the surface down.
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What is water potential?
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The potential of water to do work. Sugary water has osmotic potential. Water moves down a water potential gradient.
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What is cohesion?
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The attraction of one water molecule to another water molecule
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What is SPAC?
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Soil-plant-atmosphere, continuum
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Is xylem transport active or passive?
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Passive
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Is phloem transport active or passive?
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Active
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What is the typical sink for carbon in plants?
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Wherever it is growing; In the Spring, it’s the leaves; Apical meristem – while it’s actively growing; Root becomes the carbon sink once growth of the shoot stops
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What is the typical sink for nitrogen in plants?
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Wherever the plant is actively growing.
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What is the typical source for carbon in plants?
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Fully expanded leaves (atmosphere)
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What is the typical source of nitrogen in plants?
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Roots
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What is the plant hormone that maintains apical dominance?
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Auxin – indoleacetic acid (IAA)
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What is the plant hormone that breaks bud dormancy?
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Gibberellins
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What is the plant hormone that stimulates cell division?
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Cytokinens
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What is the plant hormone that causes stomata to close?
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Abscisic acid
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What is the plant hormone that induces fruit ripening?
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Ethylene
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In which part of the plant is auxin produced?
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Apical meristem
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In which part of the plant is gibberellin produced?
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Produced by young leaves, roots, seeds and fruits
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In which part of the plant is cytokinin produced?
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Actively dividing root tissue
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In which part of the plant is abscisic acid produced?
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Produced by any green tissue, roots and monocot endosperm
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In which part of the plant is ethylene produced?
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By injured tissues or ripening fruit
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Which plant hormone is gaseous?
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Ethylene
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What is a tropism?
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Directional growth toward or away from the stimulus
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What is nastic movement?
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Movements that are independent of the direction of the stimulus
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Define phototropism.
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Directional growth in response to light stimulus
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What hormone is thought to induce phototropism?
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A pigment related to riboflavin
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Define gravitropism.
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Aka geotropism, it is a movement in response to gravity
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What hormone is thought to induce gravitropism?
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Auxin
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What is a statolith?
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A sensor in the root cap cell. These are starch grains located within amyloplats, a type of plastic
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What part of the plant is positively gravitropic?
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Roots
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What part of the plant is negatively gravitropic?
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Stems
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Define thigmotropism.
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A movement in response to touch, an example is the coiling response in a vine.
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What distinct plant growth pattern is explained by thigmotropism?
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Coiling response of a vine
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Define seismonasty.
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Movements resulting from touch, shaking or thermal stimulation that do not involve growth and are not directionally dependent.
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What is a pulvinus?
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A regularot of nastic movements, it is a thickened structure at the base of leaves which loses turgor when stimulated.
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What is a circadian rhythm?
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A biological rhythm with a 24-hour cycle
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Define photoperiodism.
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The length of daylight compared to the length of night; sets circadian biological clocks
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What are long-day plants?
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Wheat, barley, rose, iris, clover and spinach
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What are short-day plants?
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Cocklebur, goldenrod, poinsettia, and chrysanthemum
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What are day-neutral plants?
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Tomato and cucumber
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What is the determining factor in determining flowering of a long-day plant?
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Actually, it’s a short-night.
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What is the determining factor in determining flowering of a short-day plant?
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Long nights
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What are the two forms of phytochrome?
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Pr (phytochrome red) 660 nm & Pfr (phytochrome far-red) 730 nm
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What color light does Pr absorb?
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660 nm (red)
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What color light does Pfr absorb?
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730 nm (far-red)
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What happens to Pr when it absorbs light?
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It is converted to Pfr
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What does an abundance of Pr in the plant indicate?
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Night or that stem elongation is needed to “reach the sunlight”
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Define etiolation.
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Increase in stem length in an attempt to “reach the sunlight”
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What structure in plants is produced by meiosis?
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Megaspores and microspores
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What is a microspore?
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Pollen precursor; the male gamete
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What is a megaspore?
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Egg precursor, the female gamete
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What is a peduncle?
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Stem – flower stalk; expands into the receptacle
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What is a calyx?
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The sepals collectively; the outermost flower whorl
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What is a corolla?
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The petals collectively; usually the conspicuously colored flower whorl
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What is a androecium?
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Male parts; stamen (anther and filament)
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What is a gynoecium?
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Female parts; carpel (pistil – stigma, style, ovary and ovule)
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What is a pistil?
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Female reproductive structure of a flower; composed of one or more carpels and consisting of stigma, style, and ovary
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What is a simple ovary?
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One chamber
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What is a compound ovary?
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More than one chamber
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What are monoecious plants?
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Species with both male and female parts on the same plant
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What are dioecious plants?
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Species in which staminate flowers and carpellate flowers are on separate plants
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What two types of cell are in a pollen grain?
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Tube cell nucleus (becomes the pollen tube) and generative cell (becomes two sperm)
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What does the generative cell become once pollination takes place?
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Two sperm cells
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What is an embryo sac?
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Mature female gametophyte; consists of 7 cells: one egg, two synergid cells, one central cell with two polar nuclei, and three antipodal cells
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What is an egg cell?
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Becomes the embryo
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What are polar nuclei?
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Precursor to the 3n endosperm
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What is pollination?
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Transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel
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What is fertilization?
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Union of gametes to make diploid or triploid cell
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Describe how the tube cell nucleus and the generative cell both contribute to fertilization.
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They become the 3n endosperm which serves as food for the growing embryo
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What is double fertilization?
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1 sperm goes to fertilize the egg and the other goes to make the 3n endosperm
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What is the ploidy of the sperm cell?
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N
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What is the ploidy of the egg cell?
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N
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What is the ploidy of the embryo?
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2n
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What is the ploidy of the endosperm?
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3n
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Why won’t bees normally pollinate red flowers?
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Can’t see red.
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What part of the electromagnetic spectrum can bees see that we can’t?
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UV
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What are nectar guides?
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UV markings guiding bees to the nectar
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Describe a flower typically pollinated by butterflies.
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Brightly colored, no perfume, composites broad enough to land on; day blooming with slender floral tubes
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Describe a flower typically pollinated by moths.
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Long tubes; smell good, light colored night-blooming
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Describe a flower typically pollinated by hummingbirds.
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Day flowering tubular with recurved petals and brightly colored
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What is the stage of embryo development in dicots when the embryo is a spherical mass?
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Globular stage
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What stage is it when the cotyledons start to form?
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Heart stage
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What happens to the endosperm when a dicot seed matures?
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Disappears as the embryo grows (it is consumed as food)
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What is a berry?
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(grape, muscadine, tomato, bell pepper); simple fruit (develops from a single ovary) flexhy with compound ovary, the exocarp becomes the skin
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What type of fruit is developed from a compound ovary with the receptacle becoming a tough rind?
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Pepo (berrylike accessory fruit, receptacle fused with the ovary)(squash, pumpkin, watermelon, and cucumber)
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What type of fruit is developed from a compound ovary with the receptacle becoming the fleshy edible part of the fruit?
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Pome (apple, pear, rose)
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What type of fruit is derived from a simple ovary, with the endocarp becoming a pit?
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Drupe (plum, cherry, peach, olive, blackberry)
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What type of fruit has juice sacs?
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Hesperidium (lemons and oranges)
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What’s the difference between aggregate fruits and multiple fruits?
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Aggregate – ovaries are from a single flower; Multiple fruits – ovaries are from separate flowers.
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