Bio 104 Test 3 Part 2

Front 1

Cotyledons

Back 1

-seed leaves, first leaves a plant develops

-First to come out when a seed emerges from soil

Front 2

Monocot

Back 2

-One cotyledon

Front 3

Dicot (Eudicots)

Back 3

-Two cotyledons

-More dicots than monocots (over 175,000 species)

Front 4

Plant Organs

Back 4

-Tissues that work together to help plant obtain minerals and water; carry out photosynthesis

Front 5

Main Plant Organs

Back 5

-Roots

-Shoots

-Leaves

Front 6

Roots

Back 6

-Allow plants to obtain water and minerals; anchoring

Front 7

Root hairs

Back 7

-Small extensions off main roots; increase surface area

Front 8

Roots: Monocot and Dicot

Back 8

Monocots: Fibrous root system

Dicot: Larger main root (taproot; stores starch)

Ex of taproot: carrots, sweet potatoes, turnips

Front 9

Shoot system

Back 9

-Stems, leaves, flowers

Front 10

Shoot system: Stems

Back 10

-Above ground, support leaves and flowers

Front 11

Shoot system: Terminal bud

Back 11

-At tip of stem, actively lengthening

Front 12

Shoot system: Axillary buds

Back 12

-On sides of stems, usually dormant

Front 13

Shoot system: Apical dominance

Back 13

-Hormones produced by terminal bud inhibit growth of axillary buds; allow for growth toward light

-Plant taller vs. bushier

Front 14

Plant Lifespans: Annuals

Back 14

-Reproduce and die within a single year

ex. Wheat

Front 15

Plant Lifespans: Perennials

Back 15

-Live and reproduce for many years

ex. Trees and shrubs

Front 16

Plant Growth: Determinate Growth

Back 16

-Plants stop growing after reaching maturity

Front 17

Plant growth: Indeterminate growth

Back 17

-Growth persists as long as conditions favorable

Front 18

Primary Plant growth

Back 18

-lengthening

-Occurs at apical meristem (actively dividing cells at tips of roots and shoots

Front 19

Secondary Plant Growth

Back 19

-Thickening

-occurs in lateral meristems (in woody plants)

-Internal cylinder extending along length of plant

-Cell division produces cells both inside and outside of meristem

-Results in formation of wood and bark

Front 20

Vascular Cambium

Back 20

-part of lateral meristem that produces most tissue increasing diameter

-Growth occurs at meristems

Front 21

Wood

Back 21

-mainly dead xylem tissue

Front 22

Cork

Back 22

-Dead waxy cells

Front 23

Heartwood

Back 23

-Center of wood, dead xylem

Front 24

Sapwood

Back 24

-Outer wood layer, newer

-Living xylem

-Transports water and nutrients

Front 25

Bark

Back 25

-Outer layer of cells on trunk

Front 26

Angiosperm Reproduction

Back 26

Ex. Fragmentation of plant, bulbs, rhizomes, and runners

Front 27

Angiosperm reproduction: Advantages and Disadvantages

Back 27

+: large quantity of individuals

-: No sexual recombination

Front 28

Sexual Reproduction

Back 28

ex. Pollination

-Fertilization of egg by sperm

-Results in sexual recombination

Front 29

Sexual reproduction involves double fertilization

Back 29

-Pollen produced by anther

-Pollination (transfer of pollen from another to stigma)

-2 sperm produced

-One sperm fertilizes central cell inside ovary that contains two nuclei: results in endosperm

(nourishes seed)

-Other sperm fertilizes egg in ovary: results in production of diploid zygote

Front 30

Seeds

Back 30

-Embryo enclosed by endosperm

Front 31

Seeds: Endosperm

Back 31

-Food containing tissues that nourishes embryo

Front 32

Seeds: Seed coat

Back 32

-Protective coating; outer layer

Front 33

Fruits

Back 33

-Ripened ovary; hormones trigger fruit formation

-Can contain one or more seeds

Front 34

Fruits: simple

Back 34

-From one flower with one carpel (female reproductive parts)

ex. grapes, peaches

Front 35

Fruits: Aggregate

Back 35

-From one flower with many distinct carpels

ex. blackberry, strawberry

Front 36

Fruits: Multiple

Back 36

-From clustered flowers that have fused ovaries

ex. pineapples, figs

Front 37

Plant Nutrients

Back 37

-require 16 different nutrients

Front 38

Macronutreints

Back 38

-9 needed in large amounts

· carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium

o C, H, and O account for 96% of plant dry weight

o Six other macronutrients make up about 3.5%

of plant dry weight

Front 39

Carbon Function

Back 39

-backbone of organic molecule

Front 40

Oxygen function

Back 40

-Component of organic molecules

Front 41

Hydrogen function

Back 41

-component of organic molecules

Front 42

Nitrogen function

Back 42

-amino acids, nucleic acids

Front 43

Potassium function

Back 43

-Controls opening and closing of stomata

Front 44

Calcium function

Back 44

-Cell wall component, growth of roots and shoots

Front 45

Magnesium function

Back 45

- Part of chlorophyll

Front 46

Phosphorus function

Back 46

- Phospholipids, nucleic acids, ATP

Front 47

Sulfur function

Back 47

-amino acids

Front 48

Micronutrients

Back 48

-needed in small amounts

· About .5% dry weight

· Iron, chlorine, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, boron and nickel

Front 49

Nutrient deficiencies

Back 49

-Most plants deficient in nitrogen

Front 50

Fertilizers

Back 50

-Most common/ abundant elements Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S)

Front 51

Organic Fertilization

Back 51

-composting

· Action of microorganisms increase nutrient availability

Front 52

Water transport

Back 52

-Soil

-Root hairs

-Roots

-Stems

-Leaves

-Via xylem

Front 53

Xylem sap

Back 53

contains water and inorganic nutrients

Front 54

Transpiration

Back 54

· Loss of water from leaves by evaporation

· Water vapor diffuses from area of high concentration in leaves to lower concentration in atmosphere

Front 55

Transpiration: Transport of water

Back 55

-Transport of water through xylem dependent on cohesion (water molecules stick to other water molecules; due to hydrogen bonding)

· Also dependent on adhesion (water molecules stick to surfaces like cellulose in cell walls)

Front 56

Safeguards

Back 56

Safeguards from water loss ( water exists through stomata)

Many plants close stomata at night