Bio 104 Final Part 3

Front 1

Biogeography

Back 1

-Study of distribution of species over a geographical area.

Ex. Distribution of marsupials, Wallace’s Line

Front 2

Wallace's Line

Back 2

-Wallace proposed natural selection along with Darwin.

-Imaginary Line (separates groups of Asian islands)

-Wallace observed animals different on either side of the line.

Front 3

Comparative Anatomy

Back 3

-Study features that are similar between different organisms.

Front 4

Homology

Back 4

Similar anatomical features adapted for different functions.

Ex. Arms, forelimbs, flippers and wings of mammals

Front 5

Vestigial Structures

Back 5

Structures that served purpose in the past but no longer used.

Can be homologous in structures in other organisms that do have function.

Ex. Wisdom teeth, some snakes and some whales have reduced leg bones.

Front 6

comparative embryology

Back 6

-Organisms look the same as they are developing embryos; shows decent from common ancestor.

Ex. Development of vertebrates

Front 7

Molecular Biology

Back 7

-Similar genes/DNA/RNA sequences between organisms; genetic code universal.

Front 8

Population

Back 8

-Smallest unit that can evolve

-Group of members of one species living: in the same place and at the same time.

-Members tend to interbreed.

-Traces change in population.

Front 9

Phenotype

Back 9

Physical characteristics; can change due to environmental influences.

Front 10

Genotype

Back 10

Genetic information; plays a role in natural selection.

-Can also have environmental influences on phenotype as well.

Front 11

Mutations

Back 11

small random changes in traits

-Change in DNA sequence-May or may not have effect on reproductive success.

Ex. Bacteria

Front 12

Sexual Recombination

Back 12

fusion of gametes; more common

Front 13

Allele

Back 13

alternate versions of a gene

Front 14

Gene pool

Back 14

All alleles in a population at a certaintime.

Front 15

Diploid

Back 15

Has two alleles for a particular trait

-body cells are diploid, gametes are haploid

Front 16

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 16

-Model allows you to make predictions about future generations if you know the alleles for previous generations and then you can compare the genotype frequencies.

-P+Q=1; p=frequency of dominant allele and q=recessive allele

Front 17

Microevolution

Back 17

-When a population is not at genetic equilibrium; change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.

-Mechanisms: Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Mutations, Mate Selection

Front 18

Genetic Drift

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-Change in allele frequency due to chance.

-Drastic effects in small populations.

-Can result in complete loss of an allele.

Ex. Bottleneck effect: over hunting, the Founder effect: move to a new colony; few members start their own colony.

Front 19

Bottleneck effect

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-Catastrophic events kill large number of individuals.

-Decreases genetic variability.

Front 20

Genetic Drift

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-Few individuals colonize isolated area (ex. Island)

-Small population of founding species have less variability of allele frequency than parent population.

Front 21

Gene flow

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-When a population gains or loses alleles due to migration.

Front 22

Mate Selection

Back 22

- Natural Selection where individuals with certain traits are more likely to obtain mates.

Front 23

Fitness

Back 23

contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation; how many fertile offspring an organism produces.

Front 24

Directional Selection

Back 24

Shifts phenotype toward one extreme

Front 25

Disruptive selection

Back 25

two opposite phenotypes

Front 26

Stabilizing Selection

Back 26

Intermediate phenotype

Front 27

Macroevolution

Back 27

Large, complex changes in life over long periods of time.

-Microevolution can lead to macroevolution.

Front 28

Species

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-According to biological species concept (1940s)

-Populations or group of populations that can interbreed

-Produce fertile offspring

Front 29

Speciation

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-Formation of new species.

-Occurs when individuals can no longer successfully interbreed with rest of group.

Front 30

Reproductive barriers

Back 30

-Isolation

-One result: Two separate group no longer share the same gene pool and then evolve into new species

Front 31

Prezygotic

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(occur before zygote production, typically before mating)

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Postzygotic

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(reduces fitness; after mating/zygote production)

Front 33

Habitat isolation

Back 33

Live in different habitats and do not come in contact.

Front 34

Temporal Isolation

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Mate or are fertile at different times. (seasons, time of day, etc)

Front 35

Behavioral isolation

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No sexual attraction; different courtship activities.

Front 36

Mechanical isolation

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Anatomical features (genitals) or pollinators incompatible.

Front 37

Genetic isolation

Back 37

gametes cannot fuse

Front 38

Hybrid inviability

Back 38

Hybrid offspring don’t reach maturity.

Front 39

Hybrid infertility

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hybrid offspring mature, but don’t reproduce.

Front 40

hybrid breakdown

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First generation hybrid fertile, but second generation hybrid offspring are weak/ and or sterile.

Front 41

Hybrid

Back 41

an egg and sperm that comes from two different species

Ex. tiger and lion=liger; mule

Front 42

Allopatric speciation

Back 42

-Population geographically separated from parent population; allows isolated population to evolve independently

Ex. Mountain ranges; island formation.

Front 43

Sympatric speciation

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-Populations diverge genetically while still living in same area.

Ex. Possibility of microenvironments (shallow vs. deep water)

Front 44

polypoids

Back 44

Organismreproduces and produces offspring with extra chromosomes; cannot interbreedwith parent population.

Front 45

punctuated equilibrium

Back 45

Abrupt changes, periods of no change, periods of rapid change

Front 46

Gradualism

Back 46

Gradual transformations with intermediate change, Charles Darwin