Bio 102 Exam 3

Front 1

What is an animal?

Back 1

-Eukaryotic

-Multicellular Heterotroph

-No Cell Walls

-Use ingestion (internal digestion)

-Diploid, most reproduce sexually

-Development controlled by specific homeotic genes

Front 2

History of Animal Diversity

Back 2

-Diverged from unikont ancestor 770 mya

-Oldest fossils ~550-575 mil. years old

-Rapid adaptive radiation ~535-525 mya

-complex predator-prey relationships

-increase in atmospheric oxygen

-cambrian explosion (rapid increase in animal diversity)

Front 3

Cambrian Explosion

Back 3

period of rapid increase in animal diversity

Front 4

Animal bodies vary in:

Back 4

-symmetry

-presence/absence of true tissues

-# of embryonic layers

-presence/absence of body cavity

-embryonic development

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Radial Symmetry

Back 5

regular arrangement of parts around central axis

Front 6

Bilateral symmetry

Back 6

-mirror image right and left sides

-dorsal and ventral sides

-anterior and posterior ends

Front 7

Cephalization

Back 7

having a head

Front 8

Tissues

Back 8

specialized cells working together

-4 different primary tissue types

-not all animals have all tissue types

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4 Primary Tissue types

Back 9

-Epithelial

-Connective

-Muscular

-Nervous

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Epithelial

Back 10

-Coverings and linings

-protection

-control of movement in and out of cells

-secretion

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Types of epithelial tissues:

Back 11

-simple

-stratified

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Simple epithelial tissues:

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-1 cell layer thick

-squamous (flat)

-cuboidal (square)

-columnar (rectangular)

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Stratified epithelial tissues:

Back 13

-several cell layers thick

Front 14

Glands from epithelium:

Back 14

-exocrine glands: connection between the gland and epithelial membrane; ex: sweat, oil

-endocrine glands: ductless glands; ex: ovaries,testes, adrenal

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Connective Tissue

Back 15

-binds, supports other tissue

-scattered cells in extracellular matrix

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Types of connective tissue:

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-loose

-dense

-cartilage

-bone

-blood

-plasma

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loose connective tissue

Back 17

-cells scattered within amorphous mass of proteins that form ground substance

-strengthened by collagen and other proteins

-fat cells found in loose connective tissue

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dense connective tissue

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-regular: collagen fibers parallel (ex: tendons and ligaments)

-irregular: collagen fibers with many orientations (ex: organ and nerve coverings)

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cartilage connective tissue

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-protein fibers in long, parallel arrays

-firm and flexible

-chondrocytes (cartilage cells within spaces)

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bone connective tissue

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-calcium deposited in rings

-haversian canals in center (nerves, blood vessels)

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blood connective tissue

Back 21

-cells and surrounding fluid

-erythrocytes: contain hemoglobin; transport gases

-leukocytes: immune response

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plasma connective tissue

Back 22

-fluid portion (water, ions, proteins)

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muscle tissue

Back 23

-contraction provides movement

-3 types (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)

Front 24

smooth muscle tissue

Back 24

-spindle shaped

-surrounds organs

-no striations

-involuntary

-ex: diaphragm

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cardiac muscle tissue

Back 25

-only found in heart

-striated

-involuntary

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skeletal muscle tissue

Back 26

-attached to skeleton

-striated

-voluntary

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nervous tissue

Back 27

-transmits info

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neurons

Back 28

-produce and conduct action potential, transmits info

-neuroglial cells:

-don't conduct electrical impulses

-support and insulate neurons

-ex: schwann cells

Front 29

embryonic layers

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-most have three layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

-triploblastic

-some have two layers (ectoderm, endoderm)

-diploblastic

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Body cavity

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-triploblastic only

-fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall

-cushions internal organs

-fluid forms a hydrostatic skeleton

Front 31

body cavity continued

Back 31

-true coelem: body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

-psuedocoelem: body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm

-acoelem: no body cavity

Front 32

embryonic development

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-triploblastic only

-first opening in gastrola (blastopore) becomes mouth in protosomes, anus in deuterostomes

Front 33

animal phylogeny: five major groups

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-sponges

-radially and bilaterally symmetrical eumetazoans

-lophotrochozoans (non-molting protostomes)

-ecdysozoans (molting protostomes)

-deuterostomes

Front 34

sponges:

Back 34

phylum porifera

-simple, sedentary animals without true tissues

-filter feeders (water enters through pores in body --> central cavity--> out through opening)

-choanocytes (collar cells) create water current, capture food particles

-spicules (sharp mineral projections/ support and protection)

-amoebacytes (move through body, produce spicules and protein fibers)

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cnidarians

Back 35

-phylum cnidaria

-radial symmetry, true tissues, diploblastic

-2 basic body plans:

-sessile polyp (feeding, asexual reproduction)

-motile medusa (dispersal, sexual reproduction)

-cnidocytes (stinging cells, prey capture, defense/ eject barb [nematocyst] into prey)

-ex: jellies, coral, anemones

Front 36

flatworms

Back 36

-phylum platyhelminthes

-bilateral, triploblstic, acoelomate

-marine, freshwater, damp terrestrial

-parasitic, free-living

-3 groups:

-planarians

-flukes

-tapeworms

Front 37

planarians

Back 37

-free-living

-light sensitive eye cups

-simple nervous system

-avoid light

-branched gastrovascular cavity

-food and waste go out and in same way

-ex: dugesia

Front 38

flukes

Back 38

-parasitic

-complex life cycles with multiple hosts

-suckers for attachment

-ex: clonorchis

Front 39

tapeoworms

Back 39

-intestinal parasites

-ribbonlike body with repeated units (proglottids)

-scolex anterior, attaches to host with hooks and or suckers

-no mouth or gut- absorb food directly across body

Front 40

mollusca

Back 40

-phylum mollusca

-triploblastic, bilateral, protostomes, coelomate

-open circulatory system

-body plan:

-muscular foot (locomotion)

-visceral mass (guts)

-mantle (covers guts, may secrete shell)

-radula (feeding)

-3 main groups (gastropoda, bivalves, cephalopods)

Front 41

gastropoda

Back 41

-largest group of molluscs

-fresh water, marine, terrestrial

-single, spiral shell

-radula for algae, plants

-ex: snails

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bivalves

Back 42

-shells divided into 2 halves hinged together

-filter feeders (most)

-little to no cephalization

-ex: clams, mussels, oysters

Front 43

cephalopods

Back 43

-fast, agile predators

-large brains, sophisticated sensory organs (image-forming eyes)

-closed circulatory system

-no or reduced shell

-radula modified into beak

-ex: squid

Front 44

segmented worms

Back 44

-phylum annelida

-triploblastic, bilateral, coelomate, protostomes

-show segmentation (subdivision of body into repeated parts/ added mobility, specialization)

-closed circulatory system, complete digestive system

-terrestrial, marine, freshwater, parasitic

-2 major groups (polychaetes, clitellates)

Front 45

polychaetes

Back 45

-largest group of annelids

-each segment has a pair of fleshy appendages with stiff bristles

-all marine

-filter feeders, predators on sea floor

-ex: feather duster worms

Front 46

clitellates

Back 46

-no parapodia, may have small bristles (setae)

-have a clitellum (unsegmented region used in reproduction)

-ex: earthworms

-small bristles anchor in soil

-eat way through soil

-ex: leeches

-free-living

-blood-sucking parasites (some)

-secrete hirodinin (numbs host) and anticoagulant

Front 47

round worms

Back 47

-phylum nematoda

-bilateral, triploblastic, protostome, pseudocoelem

-cuticle

-complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

-some parasitic

-free-living and microscopic

Front 48

arthropods

Back 48

-phylum arthropoda

-bilateral, triploblastic, coelomate, protostome

-open circulatory system

-most successful group of animals (from segmentation and hard exoskeleton) (ecdysis: molting, growth, repair) (jointed appendages modified for many functions [feeding, movement])

Front 49

4 major groups of arthropods

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-chelicerates

-myrapodia

-crustaceans

-insects

Front 50

chelicerates

Back 50

-terrestrial, some marine and freshwater

-most predators, some parasites and detritivores

-have chelicerae (pinching mouth parts)

-ex: horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions

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myrapodia

Back 51

-numerous segments, each with walking legs

-millipedes: herbivores, 2 pairs of legs per body segment, with chemical defenses

-centipedes: carnivores, 1 pair of legs per body segment, poison fangs

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crustaceans

Back 52

-aquatic

-chewing mouth parts

-numerous legs

-ex: crabs, shrimp, lobster

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insects (body plan)

Back 53

-head (feeding and sensory appendages)

-thorax (movement; 3 pairs of legs, 1 or 2 pairs of wings)

-abdomen (internal organs)

Front 54

reasons for being most successful group of animals

Back 54

-segmentation, exoskeleton

-jointed appendages

-waterproof cuticle

-complex life cycle involving metamorphosis

Front 55

metamorphosis

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-complete metamorphosis:

-egg --> larva--> pupa--> adult

-larva and adult stages different

-reduced competition between adults and larva

-ex: beetle, butterfly

-simple metamorphosis:

-egg--> immature stages--> adult

-less difference between adult and immature stages

-ex: cockroach, bed bug

Front 56

echinoderms

Back 56

-phylum echinodermata

-triploblastic, coelemate, deuterostome, radial symmetry

-marine

-calcium carbonate endoskeleton of ossicles

-spiny skin

-water vascular system: series of connected tubes, movement, gas exchange, prey capture, osmoregulation

-larva bilateral, adults radial

-ex: sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar

Front 57

chordates

Back 57

-phylum chordata

-triploblastic, deuterostome, coelemate, bilateral

-dorsal, hollow nerve cord

-flexible, supportive notochord

-pharyngeal slits

-muscular post-anal tail

-invertebrate chordates: tunicates, lancelets

Front 58

invertebrate chordates

Back 58

-suspension feeders

-tunicates:

-larva have chordate features, adults are sessile and lose notochord and tail

-lancelets:

-small, blade-like chordates buried in sediment

-show all chordate characteristics throughout life

Front 59

evolution of vertebrate diversity

Back 59

-all vertebrates are chordates, not all chordates are vertebrates*

-vertebrates have:

-vertebral column (layer of protection around nerve cord)

-distinct head

-neural crest (ridge on embryo--> nervous system)

-endoskeleton (bone or cartilage)

Front 60

vertebrate phylogeny

Back 60

SEE FIGURE 2719-1

Front 61

jawless fish

Back 61

-cyclostomes

-ex: hagfish and lampreys

-have head and notochord

-no hinged jaws or paired fins

-scavengers, external parasites

Front 62

jawed vertebrates

Back 62

-gnathostomes

-most vertebrates have hinged jaws

-evolved from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits

-allowed for capture of larger prey

Front 63

3 groups of jawed fish

Back 63

-chondrichthyans

-ray-finned fish

-lobe-finned fish

Front 64

chondrichthyans

Back 64

-cartilage endoskeleton

-electrosensors on head

-lateral line system locates prey

-ex: shark, ray

Front 65

ray-finned

Back 65

-bony endoskeleton

-flattened scales covered with mucus

-operculum covers gill chamber

-swim bladder (air filled sac maintains buoyancy)

-most diverse group of vertebrates

-ex: slamon, trout, etc

Front 66

lobe-finned fish

Back 66

-muscular fins supported by bones

-ex:mudskippers, lungfish, coelacanth

-one group was ancestor of tetrapods (terrestrial vertebrates with 2 pairs of limps)

Front 67

tetrapod transition to land

Back 67

-faced same problems as plants

-gravity, dessication

Front 68

tetrapods: amphibians

Back 68

-first tetrapods on land

-moist skin supplements gas exchange

-return to water to reproduce

-jelly-like eggs prone to dessication

-ex: salamanders, toads

Front 69

tetrapods: reptiles

Back 69

-amniotic egg with four membranes, protects and supports embryo in self-contained structure:

-1) amnion: fluid-filled sac surrounding embryo (protection, moisture)

-2) chorion: outermost membrane (protection, gas exchange)

-3)allantois: surrounds cavity (disposal of waste, gas exchange)

-4) yolk sac: stores nutrients for embryo

Front 70

tetrapods: reptiles

Back 70

-waterproof skin with scales

-ectothermic (absorb heat from environment)

-ex: lizards, snakes, turtles

Front 71

birds

Back 71

-feathered reptiles

-modified for flight:

-feathers

-flight muscles

-endothermic

-no teeth, few tail vertebrate (makes them lighter)

-hollow bones with internal struts for support

-amniotic eggs

Front 72

tetrapods: mammals

Back 72

-endothermic amniotes

-hair (insulation, protection)

-mammary glands

-teeth (slicing, chewing, grinding)

Front 73

monotremes

Back 73

-egg laying mammals

-ex: platypus

Front 74

marsupials

Back 74

-have placenta to nourish embryo

-short gestation

-complete development in pouch

-ex: kangaroo, opossum)

Front 75

eutherians

Back 75

-have placenta

-longer gestation

-more developed young at birth

-more complex placenta

Front 76

Which group within the protista gave rise to the sponges? On what evidence do you say this?

Back 76

Chaonoflagellates. Chaonocytes which are part of the sponges digestive system appear in both sponges and chaonoflagellates.

Front 77

Why are spicules used as a primary characteristic to classify sponges?

Back 77

Spicule shapes are basically the only variable in sponge morphology that is easily differentiated

Front 78

Sponges and cnidarians have no lungs or gills. How do they exchange gases?

Back 78

Pores in the sponge draw water in, water is diffused throughout the body with the aid of choanocytes, and then exits the body through other pores.

Front 79

Why are sponges considered to be an evolutionary dead end?

Back 79

Because they are so specialized in pumping water through their bodies that it is considered impossible to be modified into anything else

Front 80

Explain how cnidocytes with their nematocysts function in food capture and defense.

Back 80

They sting prey to immobilize or kill the prey and also allow the cnidarian to keep a hold of the prey, the sting produced is also to deter predators (because the sting hurts)

Front 81

How does digestion in cnidarians differ from digestion in sponges?

Back 81

Sponges use intracellular digestion and cnidarians do not

Front 82

Flatworms are the first organism we have discussed with an anterior-posterior orientation. How does this affect their movement compared to the movement of cnidarians?

Back 82

Cnidarians having no anterior or posterior orientation are able to shift in any direction without compromising sensory functions unlike flatworms and other animals with A-P orientation (there is no front or back to cnidarians)

Front 83

What are the disadvantages of a flatworm's digestive tract having only one opening?

Back 83

They have to wait for their food to be digested and exposed of as waste before they can eat again, which slows down the process of gaining nutrients.

Front 84

What are the advantages or radial symmetry for sessile animals such ad hydra and bilateral symmetry for more mobile animals such as planaria? What major evolutionary trends accompany bilateral symmetry?

Back 84

R.S. advantages- advantageous for sedentary animals because sensory receptors are evenly distributed around the body, and because the animal can just "sit down" and collect food while being able to detect predators from every direction

B.S. advantages- allowed for development of a more thorough nervous system that can control the body which is located in the head region, bilateral symmetry also allows for a 1 track digestive system

Front 85

Of what economic importance are earthworms?

Back 85

They aerate the soil and their feces provide nutrients for plants. They are also used as bait. Therefore, they help farmers yield better (and more) crops and they help in catching fish which feeds millions of people.

Front 86

Do earthworms breathe since they have no lungs or gills? How do they obtain oxygen?

Back 86

They are cutaneous, meaning they "breathe" through their skin. Their skin must be moist in order for gas exchange to occur.

Front 87

Mollusks exhibit a variety of feeding methods. List three and describe adaptations and examples of each type.

Back 87

-scraping with radula, like snails who use this technique to get algae off of rocks and other surfaces

-using radula to bore into other mollusks shells, one type of mollusk extends its radula to burrow into the shells of other mollusk and then "suck" out the flesh of the other mollusk for food

-one species of sea slug will hunt sea jelly and consume their stinging cells for nourishment and will also concentrate some of those cells in its own body for protection

Front 88

In what ways does a snail shell function as a skeleton?

Back 88

The snail's organs are concentrated in the shell and provide protection for the delicate organs much like the endoskeletons of other animals

Front 89

Some land snails have a lung like tissue formed from a major layer of tissue. What is that layer?

Back 89

mantle

Front 90

What makes cephalapoda seem out of place from other mollusks?

Back 90

-no radula (it's modified into a beak)

-predators

-agile, speedy

-sensory organs (image-forming eyes)

-no external shell or mantle

Front 91

How would you define a head? What are the disadvantages and advantages of a head?

Back 91

I would define a head as the basis of nervous system function and where very complex sensory organs are located.

advantage-complex nervous system

disadvantage-limited range of sensation

Front 92

Does an insect's exoskeleton limit growth? Why?

Back 92

No, the insect will shed their exoskeleton and grow a newer bigger one to accommodate growth.

Front 93

Which groups of arthropods appear the most distinctly segmented? The least?

Back 93

Most distinct are centipedes and millipedes

Least distinct are arachnids

Front 94

Does each eye of a spider provide the same sensory input to the brain? Explain.

Back 94

No, the sides are usually for movement detection and the front are for pattern recognition

Front 95

What activities and body functions of arthropods require the most specialized appendages? Give several examples.

Back 95

Movement, eating, and sensation of the external environment

Front 96

What other group of organisms have chitin as part of its outer covering?

Back 96

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin

Front 97

What class of arthropods dominate the sea?

Back 97

Class crustacea

Front 98

What are the adaptive advantages of segmentation?

Back 98

Makes movement more efficient, and is a quick and simple way to add size in annelids

Front 99

You are my beautiful bun I love you more than anything in the world

Back 99

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