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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Biology |
Study of life |
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Robert Hooke |
Observed first cell in slice of cork |
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Cell theory |
1. All life is made of cells 2. Cells come from cells |
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Prokaryotes |
Bacteria and archaea |
No nucleus |
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Eukaryotic |
Complex cells |
With nucleus |
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5 kingdoms |
Fungi, animalia, plantae, protista, prokaryotae |
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Scientific method |
1. Hypothesis from observation 2. Experiment 3. Conclusion |
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Turns pH paper blue |
Base |
Excess OH-, pH 8-14 |
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Turns pH paper red |
Acid |
Excess H+, pH 1-6 |
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Oxidizer |
Requires electrons |
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Reducer |
Electron donor |
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Covalent bond |
Shares electrons |
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Molecule |
2 or more atoms joined |
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Compound |
Molecule with different elements |
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Electronegativity |
Attraction of electrons |
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Ionic bond |
Formed by ions |
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Cations, anions |
Positive, negative |
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Cohesion, adhesion |
Holds substance together, sticks to other substances. Plants use to drink water |
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pH units |
Concentration of Hydrogen ions per mole |
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pH buffer |
Resist changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ |
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4 major elements and compounds |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Six major functional groups |
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate |
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Fats |
Long hydrocarbon tails attached to component |
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Isomers |
Same formula different structure 1. Geometric isomer 2. Enantiomer - mirror images |
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Male and female hormone |
Testosterone and estradiol |
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Hydroxyl (OH) |
Creates alcohol compounds |
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Carbonyl (CO) |
End of compound = aldehyde, otherwise it is ketone |
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Carboxyl (COOH) |
Carboxylic acids acts as acid, dissociates H- |
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Amino (NH2) |
Amines, act as base accepting H- |
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Sulfhydryl (SH) |
Thiols, stabilize structure of proteins |
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Phosphate (OPO3 2-) |
Transfer energy |
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Dehydration synthesis |
Joins functional groups and creates water through condensation |
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Hydrolysis |
Splits functional groups by splitting water |
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Polymers |
Chains of monomers, which are units that repeat |
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Monosaccharides |
Carbohydrates, simple sugars like glucose and fructose made of 5 or 6 carbon atoms |
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Oligosaccharides |
Carbohydrates, multiple monosaccharides. Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose |
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Amylose (plant starch) |
Polymerization of glucose |
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Cellulose |
Sheet of glucose polymers |
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Chitin |
Cellulose with nitrogen |
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Lipids |
Fatty-acids: oils and waxes Steroids |
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Fat molecules |
Triglycerides: glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
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Fatty acids |
Hydrocarbon chains with COOH Saturated: no carbon double bonds Unsaturated: contains double bonds |
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Phospholipids |
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + polar group Make up cell membrane, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends |
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Steroids |
Cholesterol, hormones |
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Protein |
Amino acid polymers Enzymes, hormones, muscle and structure |
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Enzymes |
For digestion and food processing |
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Amino acids |
20 kinds Amino + Carboxyl Joined by peptide bonds |
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Polypeptide |
Peptide bonds made of COHN (COOH + NH2) |
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Levels of protein structure |
1. Sequence 2. Coiling of chain 3. Bending 4. Two or more coils together (layering) |
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Nucleic acids |
Nucleotide polymers Genetics, DNA and RNA |
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Nucleotide |
Sugar + Phosphate + nitrogenous base
Make DNA and RNA Energy carriers like ATP |
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Cyclic AMP |
Adenosine Monophosphate Used for intracellular communication |
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Things that come in and out of the cell are sorted by ___ |
Size, shape, and charge |
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Cytoplasm |
Interior of cell containing cytosol |
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Cell membrane |
Made of phospholipids bilayer hydrophilic at both ends, hydrophobic center. Contains proteins and oligosaccharides to transport substance |
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Diffusion |
Movement of high concentration to low concentration Facilitated by transporter proteins |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water |
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Endocytosis, exocytosis |
Import of substance, export |
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Phagocytosis |
Cell eat |
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Pinocytosis |
Cell drink |
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Ligands |
Receptors for specific substance Absorbs cholesterol by libiprotein |
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Isotonic |
Homeostasis of water |
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Hypotonic |
Too much water, cell may burst |
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Hypertonic |
Lack of water may lead to plasmolysis and cell death |
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Active transport |
Performed by proteins in membrane Uses ATP as energy, forming ADP Ex: sodium-potassium pump, proton pump (H+) |
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Desmosome |
Protein links two cells, open channels for permeability in between |
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Tight junction |
Tight seal by protein strands bind membranes together. Impermeable |
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Gap junctions |
Channels for intracellular communication |
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Plasmodesmata |
Connects insides of plant cells |
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ATP |
Adenosine triphosphate, cell energy |
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Animal cell vs. Plant cell |
Animal: has lysosome for food processing Plant: cell wall for structure and chloroplast for photosynthesis |
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Cell size |
100 micro meters |
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Microscopes |
Light mc, electron mc, special electron mc. |
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Nucleoid |
DNA for prokaryotes |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Rough ER: protein synthesis Ribosomes chain amino acids into polypeptide Smooth ER: lipid synthesis |
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Golgi apparatus |
Processes ER packages, protein folding step 4 |
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Vacuole |
Contains liquid or food |
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Mitochondria |
Power house of cell, are self replicating, glucose catabolism (break down of sugars) |
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Chloroplast |
Produces carbohydrate from CO2 and water (photosynthesis) |
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Cytoskeleton |
Protein fibers that provide cell: Shape Movement Structure Division |
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Flagella |
Whip like, cell movement Sperm |
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Cilia |
Cell movement, numerous and paddle-like |
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Chromatin |
DNA and proteins visible in dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes |
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Ribosomes |
Make proteins |
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Peroxisomes |
Oxidize substances by removing hydrogen atoms to break them down |
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