Biblical Ethics Test 1

Front 1

Morals/Morality

Back 1

What people do

Front 2

Values

Back 2

Anything you think is important

Front 3

Axiology

Back 3

study of value; could include aesthetics and ethics

Front 4

Ethics

Back 4

The critical study of morality

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Christian Ethics

Back 5

The study of theology in action, where you put your beliefs in action; The science of human conduct as it is determined by divine conduct

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Biblical Ethics

Back 6

The critical, systematic study of the Bible's ethical teachings

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Deontological ethics

Back 7

doing my duty; Kant's categorical imperative (absolute duties like telling the truth; no exceptions)

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Legalism ethics

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Obeying the laws

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Teleological ethics

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Calculating the consequences of actions; making decisions on probable circumstances

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Utilitarianism ethics

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creating the greatest good for the greatest number

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Pragmatism ethics

Back 11

finding the solution to a problem

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Well-being or flourishing ethics

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Doing what makes me "happy", eudaemonism- Aristotle

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Hedonism ethics

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Doing what gives me physical pleasure; Epicurus

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Situation ethics

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Doing the most loving thing in any situation; Joseph Fletcher "all we need is love", "agape"

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Relativism ethics

Back 15

doing what my culture says is OK

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Principle-ism ethics

Back 16

finding an ethical principle that is relevant to life's dilemmas; Love and justice are the two highest

Front 17

Moral ethics

Back 17

discerning natural, moral laws that transcend culture; Roman catholic, C.S. Lewis

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Virtue or Character ethics

Back 18

practicing moral virtues

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Imitation ethics

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imitating God or Jesus or human mentors

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2 "poles" of Christian decision- making

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1. Descriptive pole

2. Prescriptive pole

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Basic questions for Christian decision-making

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1. How do we understand the Bible?

2. Is there one uniform ethical system in the Bible?

3. What is the relation of the OT and NT?

4. Is the Bible relavant and authoritative for today?

Front 22

Hermaneutics

Back 22

principles of interpretation

Front 23

Exegesis

Back 23

practice of interpretation

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Eisegesis

Back 24

perversion of interpretation

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Orthodoxy

Back 25

correct beliefs

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Orthopraxy

Back 26

correct behavior

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Characteristics of ethics

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Theocentric orientation, Imperative tone, Personalism, humanitarianism, soteriological concern, decline in collectivism, decline in objectivism

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Theocentric orientation

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God-centered; we live in a world that is anthropocentric (human-centered)

Front 29

Imperative tone

Back 29

a sense of should or duty; indicative (fact)

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Personalism

Back 30

OT emphasizes interpersonal relations; how we get along

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Humanitarianism

Back 31

concern for orphans, widows, poor, other vulnerable groups

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soteriological concern

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related to salvation; first Hebrews connected to God, then will come good deeds

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Decline in collectivism

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group responsibility; if one person sins, the whole group is punished

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Decline in objectivism

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what matters is the deed; did you do it? later they take in the heart, consciousness, extenuating circumstances

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Limitations of OT Ethics

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1. Incompleteness (need NT)

2. Double standard (women are always 2nd class)

3. Legalism

4. inhumaneness

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3 divisions of the Hebrew Bible

Back 36

Law, Prophets, & writings

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Law/Torah/Pentateuch

Back 37

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy

Front 38

Didactic narrative (narrative ethics)

Back 38

Intended to teach people a lesson; Joseph's story.

-what is the ethical dilemma, what decision was reached? Is the biblical author recommending the decision or merely reporting? What ethical lessons can we learn from the story?

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2 types of Hebrew Law

Back 39

Casuistic Law and Apodictic Law

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Casuistic law

Back 40

If....then....

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Apodictic Law

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Thou Shalt...

Front 42

Four views on the relevance of the OT law for Christians today

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1. All OT laws are relevant unless explicitly rejected in the NT

2. OT moral laws are relevant, not civil or ceremonial laws.

3. OT moral principles are relevant, not particular applications

4. No OT laws are relevant unless explicitly reaffirmed in the NT

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Decalogue

Back 43

10 words=10 commandments (Ex. 20:1-17, Deut. 5: 6-12)

Prologue=gospel=law; the event of Exodus to Mt. Sinai leads to the covenant and the making of the law.

Front 44

Breaking down the 10 Commandments: Our relation to God

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1. You shall have no other gods before me; monotheism; rejects polytheism. (could read it as henotheism- belief in one God w/out denial of other gods)

2. You shall not make for yourself a graven image

3. you shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy.

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Breaking down the 10 Commandments: our Relation to Others

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5. Honor your father and mother

6. You shall not murder

7. You shall not commit adultery

8. You shall not steal

9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.

10. You shall not covet (to desire something that you have no right to have)

Front 46

Covenant Code (Ex. 20:22-23, 33)

Back 46

-Approach=principles

-Slavery; they would get slaves from poverty and POWs; humanitarianism= you must treat slaves humanely

-Capital punishment/death penalty; issue of respect for human life

-Cities of refuge; issue of sanctuary

-Lex talionis- law of retaliation; issue of retributive justice and the principle of proportionality

-Usury- the issue of charging interest on money loaned; compassion and the imitation of God is encouraged.

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Holiness Code (Lev. 17-26)

Back 47

-Involves separation from the world

-Approach=moral law, not civil or ceremonial law

-Issues of blood, forbidden sexual relations (incest gets the most attention), holiness and the imitation of God, sabbatical year (every 7th year, let the land rest), Jubilee year (every 50 years the land reverts to original owner), retribution (good=success, bad=suffering)

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Application of Retribution in the Holiness code

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1. Collective= entire group or nation

2. Awards and punishments are temporal and material

3. Direct act of God

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In the Book of Numbers

Back 49

-Hebrews depart from Mt. Sinai

-12 spies enter Canaan

-Caleb & Joshua vs. 10 spies

-40 years in the wilderness (principle of maturity; age of accountability?)

-Balaam (non-Hebrew prophet summoned to non-Hebrew king to curse the Israelites) He was greedy and a profitable prophet

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Book of Deuteronomy

Back 50

-"second law"

-sermon by Moses about the law

-Shema= "hear"; Deut. 6:4- greatest law: Love the Lord your God with all of your heart, mind, soul, and strength

-Deuternomic Code (Deut. 12-26)- test for a false prophet= "What God do you serve?" The ability to do supernatural crap means squat

-Tithe: Deut. 14:22- Set apart, if too big, turn into money and buy a feast/party in the Lord's presence; also help the poor and use for the Lord's work.

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Theocracy

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Rule of God; no separation of church and state in OT; the human king should obey the divine king

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Cities of Refuge

Back 52

Place to go to flee when accidental killing occurs

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Holy War

Back 53

two types of targets

1) outside of Canaan; conventional war

2) Inside of Canaan; Cherem (herem)= devoted to destruction; kill everyone and everything.

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3 views on War Supported by the Bible

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1) Holy war

2) Just war (most popular theory)

3) Pacifism

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Primogeniture

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Law of the first born

-inheritance law- first born son inherits a larger portion than any other family members

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Other ethical issues in Deuteronomy

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-Proof of virginity- the tokens of my daughter's virginity

-Divorce and remarriage- if you divorce, she marries someone else, he dies, the 1st husband cannot remarry her (quoted in sermon on the Mt.)

-Levirate marriage- brother-in-law rule

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Former prophets

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Joshua, Judges, 1&2 Samuel, 1&2 Kings

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Latter Prophets

Back 58

Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Book of the 12

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2 Misconceptions about Hebrew prophecy

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1) The prophets primarily predict the future

2) The prophets are primarily social reformers

Was the Hebrew prophet a foreteller or a forthteller (proclaimer)

Nabi/Navi=Hebrew word for Prophet

Front 60

Joshua Ethical issues

Back 60

-Key ethical Issue: Holy war (Looks like the Hebrews are doing genocide)

-Rahab: prostitute and conversion story, ethics of prostitution and lying

-Achan: issue of collectivism (if one person sins, the whole group is punished), "as for me and my household, we will serve the Lord."

-Syncretism: both/and, blending 2 or more religions, ex. Baal and Yahweh.

-Exclusivism: either/or= all or nothing

-Mixed marriages: Hebrew and non-Hebrew- forbidden, NOT an issue of interracial

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Judges content

Back 61

-"Dark ages" of Hebrew History; no kings, moral chaos and anarchy exists

-4 stage pattern (Maston)

-4th stage- Judge arises; charismatic military leader

-Ehud: left-handed judge who stabs fat king; ethics of assasination.

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Deborah the judge

Back 62

-Ethics of women in leadership positions and prophets

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Samson the judge

Back 63

"Hebrew Tarzan w/fatal fascination for women"

- took the Nazirite vow 1)do not use grape products, 2) Do not cut hair, 3) Do not touch corpses. All counter-cultural views that were a different lifestyle.

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United Monarchy Period

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-3 Kings: Saul, David, Solomon

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Samuel

Back 65

-Sam's farewell address: the prophet as a person of character

-Sam's conflict with King Saul: the Prophet as a critic of corruption.

-Corruption leads to divided monarchy: Israel (north), & Judah (south)

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Elijah (1 Kings 18)

Back 66

-Obadiah's dilemma: good man working for a bad king and trying to protect prophets

-Prayer contest at Mt. Carmel (Elijah wins): shows prophet as an exclusivist (only one God)

-Theophany at Mt. Horeb (aka Mt. Sinai); "What are you doing here?" God asks this question twice and doesn't like Elijah's answer.

-Elijah is instructed to start political revolutions: prophet as political activist.

-Naboth's vineyard (he gets falsely accused and executed); prophet as a champion of the oppressed.

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Infracaninaphilia

Back 67

Love of the underdog (seen in prophet's character)

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Theophany

Back 68

Appearance of God

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8th Century Prophets

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Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah

-Amos and Hosea for Israel

-Isaiah and Micah for Judah

Front 70

Amos

Back 70

-Prophet of Justice

-Israel's sins are economic injustice and exploitation of the poor

-Prophesies about the day of Yahweh/Lord (1st prophet to say this)

-3 views of distributive justice: need, equality, and merit

-5 visions: about plumb line (measuring device to see if lines are perpendicular or centered)

Front 71

Hosea

Back 71

-Preaches in Israel

-Prophet of Love

-Gomer: becomes symbolic of God's relationship with Israel

-Ahavah: election love- God chose the Hebrews

-Chesed: covenant love- Loyal love

-Israelites failure to "know" God; may know stuff ABOUT God but may not actually KNOW God

-God as a parent: tough love

-1st attack on idolatry by a Hebrew prophet

Front 72

Isaiah

Back 72

-Prophet of Divine Transcendence

-Major prophet in Judah

-Sin of pride; could be seen as biggest sin

-Shalom: peace, contentment, tranquility; talks about the Prince of Peace

-Song of the Vineyard; Hebrew nation is the vineyard, God is the vineyard keeper

-God's wrath will work through self-destruction

-6 woes: 2 of the 6 are about alcohol abuse

-Call and commission: Theophany; emphasis on holiness of God

-Theopolitics: the active involvement of the religious leader in the political life of the country

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Front 73

Isaiah's symbolic actions and ideas

Back 73

-He has to go naked for 3 years to symbolize what they would become; POWs. "streaking for the glory of God"

-1st advocate for explicit monotheism: belief in one God with explicit denial of other gods

- "universalism": the Hebrews should share the gospel with other nations and be a light to the nations

-Fasting: must be done for the right reasons along with humanitarianism

Front 74

Micah

Back 74

-Preacher against the sins of the cities

-covenant law suit

-God's 3 expectations: Do justice, love kindness, and walk humbly with your God.

-Justice (Amos)

-Kindness (Hosea)

-Humility (Isaiah)

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Prophets of Judah's decline

Back 75

-4 prophets in the period leading up to the Exile/Babylonian captivity

-Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Jeremiah

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Zephaniah

Back 76

-Prophet of the Day of the Lord

-Largely a reflection of Amos

-Pronounced judgement threefold for 3 major sins: rebellion against God, inner defilement, and cruel treatment of men

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Nahum

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-Prophet of Vengeance

-God is the God of the nations with swift judgement but no more affliction

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Habakkuk

Back 78

-The "inquiring prophet"

-Theodicy: asks questions like "is God just?"

-the problem of suffering

-Theme: God is good and this is part of a divine plan

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Jeremiah

Back 79

-The weeping prophet

-God's 2 divorcees: Israel and Judah

-Hebrew Diogenes: He went and looked for 1 honest person but could not find a SINGLE one.

-Temple sermon: the subject is the way they are worshiping God in the temple; quoted by Jesus. Jeremiah is arrested and put on trial after.

-Prophet of the heart

-New covenant: God will give them this (Jesus) and it will be written on their hearts.

-Rechabites: Turn down Jeremiah's offer of a drink; tried to live like their forefathers; righteous

-Letter to the exiles: tells them to settle down, doesn't give false hopes; pray for your enemies.

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Exile/Babylonian Captivity

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Diaspora: dispersion; Jews living outside the homeland

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Ezekiel

Back 81

- Major prophet living in Babylon

-Visits the temple in Jerusalem

-Hebrews should take personal responsibility and not feign innocence. Against Sour grapes.

-Uses illustration of family tree of 3 generations: the son is not punished for father's actions.

-The watchman's responsibility: double accountability exists for the leader.

-Father of apocalyptic literature

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Post-exile prophets: prophets of the Restoration/the Persian Period

Back 82

-Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

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Haggai and Zechariah

Back 83

Both promote rebuilding of the temple

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Zechariah

Back 84

-Issue about fasting: fasting is fine as long as you also take care of the needy

-Also love truth and peace

Front 85

Malachi

Back 85

-Hebrew Socrates: a series of questions and answers

-Ministerial ethics

-Divorce "I hate divorce" : applicable to all times? Specific?

-Tithes

Front 86

Miscellaneous prophets

Back 86

Jonah, Daniel, Obadiah, Joel

Front 87

Jonah

Back 87

-Sent to Ninevah in Assyria 8th century
- Jonah the man (separatism): doesn't want to associate with non-jews; attitude seen among Jews during exile
-Jonah the book ("universalism"): the Good News should be shared with everyone
-Should God not be concerned with the Ninevites? (4:11)

Front 88

Daniel

Back 88

- Book located in the "writings" not the "prophets" part of the canon.

-Apocalyptic literature

-Temporal dualism: 2 basic time periods; present and future with a divine intervention dividing the two.

-Ethical issues in Daniel: food and drink (vegetarianism?), Christ and culture (how does a believer relate to the values of the majority culture?), Civil disobedience

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The writings: The chronicler's History

Back 89

-1&2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Psalms

- during the Persian period/restoration of Judah

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Nehemiah

Back 90

- issues of separatism and mixed marriages

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Psalms

Back 91

- Shows God's moral qualities

-Hebrew moral requirements: what is the relation of Hebrew worship to Christian worship today?

Front 92

Types of Psalms

Back 92

- wisdom psalms: prosperity of the wicked, danger is jealousy.

-Penitential psalms: David confesses about Bathsheba

-Imprecatory psalms/vengeance psalms: praying to God to punish your enemy; seems sub-Christian.

Front 93

Wisdom Literature

Back 93

-3 types of Hebrew religious leaders: prophets, priest, & sage/wise person

-Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes

-"Father" of Hebrew wisdom literature: Solomon

-3 general characteristics:

1) individual

2) International; similar to other nations

3) Ahistorical: does not focus on big past events or future. focuses on issues of any generation.

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2 types of wisdom literature

Back 94

Prudential wisdom and Reflective wisdom

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Prudential wisdom

Back 95

-How to live a good life

-Conservative (preserve wisdom of the past)

-Didactic (teaching or instruction)

-Optimistic

-Proverbs is an example

Front 96

Reflective wisdom

Back 96

-meaning of life: is there any?

-critical

-Speculative

-Pessimistic

-Job and Ecclesiastes are examples

Front 97

Proverbs

Back 97

1) the nature of a proverb= a generalization, a probability not a promise

2) The true source of wisdom= the fear of the Lord

3) Retribution: good=success, bad=suffering; application to the individual, may be temporal and material and may be an indirect act of God.

4) Personification of God's wisdom as a woman.

Front 98

Proverbs specific teachings

Back 98

1. Labor and Laziness

2. Friendship: iron sharpens iron

3. Anger and the tongue/speech

4. Alcohol and gluttony (therapeutic use of alcohol?)

5. Elderly

6. Parent-child relationship (corporal punishment?)

7. Loose women

8. Husband-wife relationships

Front 99

Job

Back 99

-Greatest of the wisdom books

-Reflective wisdom

-overview of book: prologue (God, Satan, Job, 3 friends), Dialogues (4 friends and Job), Theophany, Epilogue (Job's repentance and restoration).

Front 100

2 Major ethical issues in Job

Back 100

1) Theodicy: is God just?

-Retribution? does sin lead to suffering?

-3 views of retribution: Job the man (innocent suffering), Job's friends (believe in deserved suffering, retribution as comprehensive, and retribution as reversible), Job the Book (Satan and the testing of Job's faith)

2) The true motive for morality (love of God)

Front 101

Megilloth

Back 101

Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Ruth, Esther, Lamentations

Front 102

Ecclesiastes

Back 102

-Darkest or most negative

-Reflective wisdom

- Ethical issues:

1)Vanity of Vanities: meaninglessness

2.) modest life= simpler life

3) Seasons and time: there is a time to die, a time to be born...

4) Companionship: 2 are better than 1

5) Retribution: no plan at all, life is life

6) Wealth: it will never satisfy

7) Elderly

Front 103

Song of Solomon

Back 103

-2 interpretive issues: 1)Literal or allegorical interpretation? 2) 2 or 3 major characters?
-Ethical issues: marriage and human sexuality, interracial marriage, dating/courtship

Front 104

Ruth

Back 104

(set in period of the Judges)

-Ruth- conversion story

-Boaz: love story?

-Ethical issues: 1) friendship, 2) courtship, 3) Levirate marriage, 4) "universalism"

Front 105

Esther

Back 105

(Living when Persians are in Control)

-Characters: Esther, Ahasuerus, Vashti, Mordecai, Haman, Purim

-Ethical issues: 1) Courage, 2) Separation (She married a non-Jew but the theme was "watch out for non-believers!") 3) Self-defense, 4) Beauty (pageants?) 5) Capital punishment

Front 106

Lamentations

Back 106

(written in Judah during exile)

-Jerusalem personified as a grieving widow

-Sense of deserved suffering

-Issue of cannabalism

Front 107

A Major issue in Post-Exilic Judaism

Back 107

-How should Jews relate to non-Jews?

-2 views

-1) "Universalism", seen in Isaiah, Jonah, and Ruth

-2) Separatism (don't mingle with non-Jews), seen in Ezrah, Nehemiah, and Esther