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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dependent variable Vs independent variable
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Dependent V: being measured - not known, usually y axis |
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Independent Variable
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ind. V: what researcher is manipulating |
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Top Down processing
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Form a perception by looking at big picture then working into details
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External Validity:
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How close sample characteristics are to the actual population
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Genetics vs Environmental influences
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MZ twin studies 100% est. same DNA DZ -just brother/sisters 50% est DNA Lowest Variance: - MZ twins raised together * w/ higher V: favors environment * Low V: favors genetics
DZ twins raised together - Low V: favors environ or genetics - same with high V- can be b/c both |
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Drive Reduction Theory
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- Behavioral Motivation b/c drive to satisfy biological needs 4 principles 1. actiors drive required for response to occur - motivation to act 2. need a response for conditioning to occur - engaging in hostile activity 3. conditioning will happen - reinforces if satisfaction is met - satisfaction of aggressors basic needs |
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Weber's Law JnD and perceiving differences |
Jnd= difference in stimulus/ original stimulus - gives % that's applicable at other differences if you can distinguish the difference between two stimulu - that means the stimulus is higher than the Jnd |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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inconsistence in how person acts and what they believe - ex: treat person unfairly even if you know its wrong alleviate dissonance by justifying actions ex: they got what they deserved
*changing belief: treating people unfair is ok b/c they will be more careful next time |
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Goffman's Theory of Dramaturgy
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Individuals self presentation and their sense of self will change depending on situation Front vs back stages- front: interactions w/ society- person knows their behavior is being judged Back: private areas where we do not have to 'act" ex: racists. racism unacceptable. people manage their self presentation by denying beliefs in public but hold their beliefs in private |
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Upward Mobility
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person, social group, or class moved to higher position of increased power/ status in society
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stereotype threat vs self fulfilling prophecy
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paradoxical effect where if one is aware of negative stereotype in their social group- they are more likely to conform to that stereotype ex: women bad at math--> them failing a test Vs Self fulfilling prophecy: usually involves an expectation upon an individual rather than a group |
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Fundamental attribution error
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tendency to judge persons based on personal traits rather than environmental factors ex: kid failing test - b/c hes lazy - what if her sister died? |
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Egocentrism
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inability of a person to accept the perspective of another person
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Ethnocentrism
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when individuals compare their own cultural practices with others
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Foot in the door phenomenon
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that one friend who asks you for ONE favor - then once he gets you, he asks you do do a ton of favors **tendency to be more likely to comply with larger requests after first agreeing to complete a smaller request - I would be more likely to give in to volunteering an entire day after giving into volunteering for just an hour |
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cultural capital
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ANY non financial social asset to help improve a persons position or status in society - can help gain social mobility (status role) ***non financial - funding business, fund political career.... best example: increasing education to further career |
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Signal Detection Theory
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using various confusing or potentially misleading stimuli and test whether a specific stimulus is detected **Feature detection is exclusively vision |
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Contrast Theories of Personality
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Biological Perspective: personality shaped by genetic aspects- MZ twins and DZ twin studies Psychoanalytic perspective: focuses on a persons childhood, subconscious development, and sexual instincts Humanistic Perspective: personality and nature follow a hierarchy of needs- - basic needs: foods, water etc. at bottom - philosophical ideas ex: self realization, are at the top Social Cognitive Perspective: centers @ ideas that personality is something that can be learned through observation and social interactions |
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Mood Disorder
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Mood disorders: illnesses affecting persons long term emotional state - major depressive disorder - bipolar disorder Anxiety Disorders: differ from mood - underlying issue is not base of emotional state - irrational fear or worry which may lose control Somatoform Disorders: disorders involve circumstances where physical symptoms a person experiencing cannot be fully explained by general medical condition Dissociative Disorders: classical conditions in which building blocks of reality - memory, identity, and awareness are broken down |
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Social Identity Theory
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persons self concept partially determined from their perceived membership in a role |
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Game Theory
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Game theory focuses on rational behavior of interacting people. - rational beings who act in self interest
vs Altruism: idea of doing a good deed w/o any self motive Game theory would argue that altruistic behavior by saying that people will help others b/c there was self interest -ex: help others if rationalize how it themselves would benefit from helping them |
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Trait perspective
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belief that individual personality can be broken down into countless stable traits that are similar across all humans and cultures ex: mechiavellianism: tendency of person to justify questionable means with an end --don't look at what I'm doing bad, its for a good cause |
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somatosensation |
senses in body outside five traditional senses ex: balance, proprioception, kinesthesia |
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Groupthink
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occurs when people in a group desire to eliminate conflict and thus conform to norms of the group when approached w/ difficult choices
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Representativeness heuristic vs Availability Heuristic |
Represntative heuristic: categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical image of that category ex: food is red- probably hot Availability heuristic: comparing past experience rather than prototypes |
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Inclusive Fitness and Altruism
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Inclusive Fitness theory: refers to an idea that an organism proves their own genetic success through altruistic social behavior - altruism can only partially explain inclusive fitness Altruism: individual acts out of concern for others without regard to their own self-interest * does not have a biological explanation * does not describe people most likely to engage in inclusive fitness behavior *two concepts work together to describe why people or animals show altruistic behavior |
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Confidence Intervals (CI) ex: babies respond to 73.2 ( 95% CI of + - 5.7) |
CI ID range of true mean for population *if confidence intervals do not overlap they are considered distinct |
