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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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case control study
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observational. choose ppl who have (cases) or don;t (controls) and collect info on risk factors
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cohort study
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choose ppl who do, and don't have a given risk factor. See what happens
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how are results for cohort study presented
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relative risk
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results for case control study are presented
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odd ratios
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drawback for case control
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recall bias
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weakness in cohort
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selection bias
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late look bias
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information gathered at inappropriate time
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prevalence ? incidence for chronic dz
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>
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prevalence ? incidence for acute dz
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=
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formula for prevalence
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prevalence=incidents x dz duration
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formula for sensitivity
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a/(a+c)
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formula specificity
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D/(B+D)
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how are sensitivity/spec in relation to predictive value
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sensit/spec looks at ppl w or w/o dz, predictive value looks at ppl w + or - test
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in words formula for sensitivty
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taking all ppl w dz, how many (%) have a positive test
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in words formula for specif
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taking all the ppl w/o dz, how many (%) had a negative test
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positive predictive value-in words to the pt
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if positive test, how likely is it the pt actually has the dz
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PPV formula in words
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number ppl w dz divided by number of ppl who tested +
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NPV-in words to pt
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if had neg test, how likely you don't have dz
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NPV formula in words
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number of ppl w/o dz divided by number ppl who tested -
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NPV formula
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d/(C+D)
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PPV formula
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A/(A+B)
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how does prevalence effect PPV
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higher prevalence, the higher the PPV
decline in prevalence, the higher the NPV |
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T/F Unlike sensitivity and specificity, predictive values depend on incidence
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F PREVALENCE
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odd ratio in words
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number w dz / number w/o dz
divided by odds in other grp or odds of having dz if you were in exposed grp vs. unexposed group |
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when does odds ratio ~ relative risk
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if low prevalence
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formula odds ratio
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A/B / C/D
true pos/false pos / true neg/false neg |
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formula relative risk in words
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number w dz/ all who tested positive
/ number w/o dz/all who tested - |
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formula relative risk
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a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
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how does random error effect test
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reduces precision
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how does systematic error effect test
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reduces accuracy
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positive skew on curve
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tail is on the up side, so most ppl were under what was reported as avg
(mean>median>mode) |
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negative skew on curve
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tail is on the down side, the majority were higher than what was reported as avg
(mean<median<mode) |
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type I error
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saying there is a diff when there is NONE
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type II error
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saying there's no difference when there's REALLY A DIFFERENCE
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in fancy words type I error
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to mistakenly accept the experimental hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis
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beta
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probability that you made a type II error (saying there's no difference when there's REALLY A DIFFERENCE)
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p value
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probability of making a type I error
(saying there's a diff, when there is NONE) |
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alpha
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you saw a difference that didn't exist
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power
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probability of being right that there IS a difference
(saying there is a difference and there IS) |
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formula for power
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=1-beta
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t test
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diff bw means of 2 grps
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ANOVA
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diff bw means 3 or greater tests
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gamma squared
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diff bw 2 or more percentages of categorical outcomes
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how can you increase the power of your test
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increase sample size
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SEM
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=std deviation/ (sq root of N)
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SEM ? std deviation
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<
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how does SEM vary
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decreases as n increases
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what percentage are within 1 std dev? 2? 3?
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68%, 95%, 99.7%
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what is the formula for confidence interval
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CI=mean +/- 1.96 SEM
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three causes for malpractice suing
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dereliction, damage, direct
(jury only needs to say more likely than not) |
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APGAR score, when
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Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
1 and 5 minutes |
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17 yr old asks for abortion
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in most states requires parent consent. not for emergency, care of STDs, or care during preg
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stage awake
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awake
beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude) |
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awake eyes closed
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eyes closed
alpha |
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stage 1 sleep
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light sleep
theta |
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stage 2 sleep
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deeper sleep
sleep spindles and K complexes |
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stage 3-4 sleep
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deepest non-REM sleep
sleepwalking, night terrors bed-wetting slow wave sleep Delta (lowest frew highest amplitude) |
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REM sleep
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Dreaming, loss of motor tone, pocc a memory processing, erection, INCREASED brain O2 use
Beta |
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pneumonic for sleep stages
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BATS Drink Blood
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what key to initiate sleep
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5HT
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what key NT during REM
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Ach
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what inhibits REM
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NE
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what Rx for night terrors and sleep-walking
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benzos (shorten st 4 sleep)
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what use for enuresis?
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imipramine, decr st 4 sleep
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how autonomics change during REM
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increase and variable pulse and BP, penile/clitoral tumescence
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when REM occur
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every 90 min, increases as going thru the night
decr in elderly |
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how does sleep change in depression
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decr slow wave sleep
decr REM latency early am awakening |
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social smile
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3mo
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recognize ppl
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4-5mo
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stranger anxiety
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7-9 mo
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orients to voice
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7-9 mos
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sits alone
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7-9mos
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rolls front to back
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4-5 mos
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sits when propped
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4-5 mos
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holds head up
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3 mos
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moro reflex disappears
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3 mo
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4 reflexes present at birth
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-moro (extend arms when startled)
-rooting -palmar (grasps things in hand) -babisnki (large toe dorsiflexes) |
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babinski disappers
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12-14mos
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walks
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15 mo
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climbs stairs
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12-24m
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stacks 3 blocks
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12-24m
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object permanence
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12-24 mo
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stacks 6 blocks
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18-24
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rapprochement
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18-24m
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parallel play
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24-48
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core gender identity
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24-36mo
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toilet training
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30-36m
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stacks 9 blocks
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30-36 mo
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rides tricycle
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3 yrs
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copies line or circle drawing
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3 yrs
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grp play
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3y
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stick figure
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4y
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hop on one foot
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4y
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cooperative play
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4y
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what happening during school age
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development of conscience (superego), same sex friends, identifies w same sex parent
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abstract reasoning (formal operations)
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puberty 11y girls, 13y boys
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formation of personality
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puberty 11y girls, 13y boys
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how do NT change in anxiety
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incr NE, decr GABA, decr 5HT
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how NT change in depression
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decr NE, decr 5HT
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stages of grief
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denial, anger, bargaining, grieving, acceptance
(Death arrives bringing grave adjustments) |
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anosognosia
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unaware one is ill
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autopagnosis
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unable to locate one's body parts
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normal BMI
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18.5-24.9
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opioid intox
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CNS depression, N/V, constipation, pupillary constriction, sz
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EtOH w/draw
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tremor, tachy cardia, HTN, malaise, N, sz, agitation, hallucinations
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opioid w/draw
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anxiety, insomnia, anorexia, sweating, dilated pupil, piloerection
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amphetamines
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pyschomotor agitation, impaired judgement, pupillary dilation, HTN, tachycardia, euphoria, prolonged wakefulness and attn, arrhythm, delusions, hallucinations, F
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w/draw amphetamines
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post-use "crash" w depression, lethargy, HA, stomache cramps,hunger, hypersomnolence
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cocaine intox
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euphoria, psychomotor agitation, impaired judgement, tachycardia, pupillary dilation, HTN, hallucinations (incl tactile), paranoid ideations, angina, SCD
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cocaine w/draw
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post use "crash" w severe depression, suicidiality, hypersomnolence, fatigue, malaise, severe psychological craving
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PCP intox
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belligerence, impulsiveness, horiz and vert nystagmus, tachcardia, ataxia, homicidiality, psychosis, delirium
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PCP wdraw
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recurrence of intox sx due to reabsorb GI tract, sudden onset of severe, random, homicidal violence
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LSD intox
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marked anxiety or depression, delusions, visual hallucinations, flashbacks, pupil dilation
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Marijuana
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euphoria, anxiety, paranoid ideations, perception of slowed time, impaired judgement, social w/drw, incr appetite, dry mouth, hallucinations
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nicotine use, and wdraw
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restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, arrhyth
irritability, HA, anxiety, wgt gain, craving |
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chracteristics major depressive
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SIG E CAPS
Sleep disturb Interest gone Guilt Energy gone Concentration gone Appetite changed Psychomotor retard Suicidal ideations depressed mood (need >5 for wks incl depression, anhedronia |
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heroin addiction related dx
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hep, abscesses, OD, hemorrhoid, AIDs, right-sided endocarditis
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manic dx
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last>1wk
DIG FAST Distract. Insomnia Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity/Agitation increase Speech pressured Thoughtlessness (doesn't think of consequences) |
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cluster B disorders
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antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissitic
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Tourettes syn
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motor/vocal tics and involuntary profanity onset <18, tx haloperidol
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Rett disorder
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X linked only seen in girls (boys die in utero), loss of develop MR, hand wringing appears~4y.
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