Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1st gen cephalosporins
|
cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin
|
|
|
2nd gen cephalosporins
|
cefaclor, cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefprozol, cefuroxime, cefaamandole
|
|
|
3rd generation cephalosporins
|
cefdinir, cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftaxidime, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime
|
|
|
alternate for chlamydia
|
azithromycin
|
|
|
Foscarnet
|
for CMV retinits in AIDs, nephrotox, seizures, granuloctopenia, anemia
|
|
|
Meds for Parkinson's
|
anticholinergics (benzotropine, biperiden, procyclidine and trihexyphenidyl)
COMT inhibitors, dopaminergics, MAOIs |
|
|
Typical antipasychotics
|
block dopamine receptors in the brain, chlorpromazine, flpehaazine, haloperidol, loxapine, thioridazine
extrapytamidal side effects and neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
|
|
Atypical antipsychotics
|
block serotonin receptors, apiprazole, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone
|
|
|
MOA of carbamazepine
|
Na channel blocker, DOC for focal seizures, same MOA as lamotrigine, can cause CNS problems, liver tox and aplastic anemia
most antisieaure drugs increase GABA in some way |
|
|
metoclopramide
|
antiemetic, psot-op nasusea, dopaminerfic antagonist, therefore extrapyramidal side effects, dopamine blockate at CTZ and M3 receptors in I tract
|
|
|
Ondansetron
|
anti-emetic, 5HT-3 inhibitors
|
|
|
Stool softeners
|
hydrophillic colloids attract water and softens the stool
|
|
|
Frank Starling Law
|
increased quantity of blood into heart increases stretch and force of contraction
contractility increased by SNS, decreased by CHF, MI, BBs, CCBS |
|
|
Ventricles, atria and Purkinje sstem have ..... duration action potentials
|
long duration
spread of signal in heart is through intercalated discs from cell to cell |
|
|
Phases of cardiac action potential
|
phase 0- rapid influx of Na causes upstroke
Phase 1- slight repolarizaiton caused by K leaving and decreased sodium entry Phase 2- plateua d/t calcium phase 3 repolarization from K outward current phase 4 resting membrane potential |
|
|
Phases of SA node action potential
|
upstroke d/t calcium entry into cell that causes depolariztion, repolarizes d/t K, slow depolarization of cell d/t slow sodium entry
|
|
|
Etiologies of AV block
|
ischemia of the AV node, compresion of node by scar tissue, inlammation in acute rheumatic fever, myocarditis, diptheria, hyperparasympathetic stimulation
|
|
|
Stokes-Adams syndrome
|
coming and going of 3rd degree heart block
|
|
|
causes of premature contracitons in heart
|
local ischemia, compresison of tissue d/t atherosclerotic plaque, tox d/t substances (nicotine, caffeine, other drugs)
|
|
|
Conditions leading to V fib
|
shortened refractory period in muscle, increased distance between impulses (occurs with enlargemnt of heart), decreased speed of impulse conduction
|
|
|
Pulse pressure =
|
systolic - diastolic
|
|
|
pulmonary wedge pressure
|
is 8 mm Hg, typical blood pressure in pulmonary vasculatture is 25/8 with MAP of 16
|
|
|
Compliance of vessels =
|
cpacitance = amount of blood in particular vessel, veins more compliant
|
|
|
Aortic valve stenosis
|
decreased blood flow, little blood pressure during systole, decreased pulse pressure
|
|
|
aortic regurge
|
allows blood pumped into aorta during systole to flow back during diastole, decreases diastolic, increases pulse pressure
|
|
|
Ejection fraction =
|
SC/EDV x 100%
|
|
|
Most oncotic pressure in vessels is...
|
d/t albumin
|
|
|
Vasodilation of vessles
|
heart- K/H ions in blood locally, CO2 elevation, bradykinin elecation, adenosine elevation locally, B2 recepotrs
vasodilataion of skeletal muscle- B2 activation, K/H ions, lactic acid, CO2, and adenosine |
|
|
Causes of high cardiac output failure
|
berieri, anemia hyperthyroidism, arteriovenous shunt (capillaries bypassed to reach veins direct from arteries)
|
|
|
Causes of right shift of Hb dissociation curve
|
increased 23DPG, CO2, temp, low pH
Note: CO poisoning causes a left shift |
|
|
Ion channels in TAL and DCT
|
TAL -NKCC blocked by loops
DCT- NCl- blocked by thiazides |
|
|
Proximal convuluted tubule
|
site for resopriton of glucose, aas, phsphate, resorbtion of bicarb secretion of acid, sodium uptake
|
|
|
Alodsterone acts on...
|
principal cells. decreases Na absorption and K secretion
intercalated cells trade K (in)for H (out) |
|
|
Glomerular filtration
|
filtration of fluid from glomerular cappilaries into renal tubule
|
|
|
Things that affect GFR
|
decreased GFR with decreased glomerular capillar filtration (DM, HTN thicknes endothelium), increased capillary oncotic pressure, Bowman's capsule pressures urinary obstruction, increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, dilated efferent arterioles, or constricted efferent and afferent
|
|
|
Ang II
|
constricts afferent and efferent vessels, affects efferent more, increases GFR
|
|
|
Functions of proimal convuluted tubule, loop of henle and DCT
|
PCT- 65% water and elecroylte reabsorbtion and aas
loop= descending water permeable, then ascending impermeable with NKCC DCT- early juxtaglomerular, NaCL resorbtion, late- principal cells absorb N anad water, Na/K exchange, collecting tubulte acted upon by ADH, w/o ADH no water uptake |
|
|
hypotnic dehydration
|
increased ICV, decreased ECV, increased Hct, dereased Na with increased Na loss relative to water, osmotic diarrhea, vomiting, Addison's
|
|
|
Pituitary regulation in male
|
LH -> Leydig cells to produce testosterone, tesosterone activates sertoli cels to maintain spermatogenesis and feedsback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
sertolis also release inhibin which feeds back to the hypothalamus, activated by FSH |
|
|
Pituitary regulation in female
|
FSH-> granulosa cells leading to estrogen causing folica cells maturation, LH causes luteinization and follical swellin, stimulates collagenase and theca prolgeration, formation of porpus luteum
corpus luteum produces prgesterone whcih relaxs smooth msucel and stimualtes glandular production in the endometrium |
|
|
LH and FSH in female repro system
|
LH development and maintanenace of corpus luteum
FSH development of the follicle in ovary |
|
|
granulosa cells vs. theca cells
|
granulosa cells produce progesterone, theca cells produce androsenedione and testosterone whcih are converted to estrogne by the granulosa cells
|
|
|
Hormone levels at puberty, menopause and PCOS
|
puberty- FSH and LH high
Menopause both high but FSH is moreso PCOS lo FSH and Hi LH |
|
|
High levels of iodine
|
inhibit hormone synthesis, results in dereased hormone production (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)
|
|
|
Difference between epilepsy and other seizure disordres
|
epilepsy as no identifiable cause, others do, either pathology, tumors, infection, CVAs, aneurysms etc
|
|
|
complex seizures vs. simple
|
complex has a LOC, somple does not, will have hallucinations in simple partial, complex partial will have repetive movements, spikes on EEG
|
|
|
Absence seizrures
|
3/sec spike and dome on EEG, generalized complex seizure lasts a few seconds, tx is ethosuxomide or valproic acid
|
|
|
Jacksonian seizures
|
start focally and then spread to rest of brain
|
|
|
Sleep stages and characteristic waves
|
Stage 1- alpha and theta waves
Stage 2- K complexes and spindles Stage 3 delta waves also stage 4, night terrors and sleep walking/talking REM- beta waves like when awake |
|
|
NTs and patholgies
|
increased dopamine- psychosis and schizo
depression- decreasted NE, Dop, 5HT alzehimers decreased ACh Anziety increase GABA |
|
|
schizoid vs. schizotypal
|
schizoid- wants no close relationships
shizotypal- bizarre behavior, abnormal pereption of reality |
|
|
Somatization disorder
|
lasts many years, involves pain and involves 4 comlaints, 2 GI, 1 sezual, 1 pseudoneurologic (no identifiable cause)
|
|
|
Conversion disorder
|
lasts weeks, not malingering, No pain but has blidnness, symptoms occur with psych factors
|
|
|
Panic disorder
|
recurrnt panic attacks(sweating, palpitations, paresthesias, trembling, SOB, chocking sensation, nausea, dizziness)
genearlized with excessive worry and apprehension over evnts, plans, objects |
|
|
Major depressive disorder
|
5 criteria, lasts more than 2 eeks, recurrent thoughts of suicide, dperessed mod, loss of interest, decreased ficysm body weight chnages, fatigue, worthlesness, psthcomtor agitation
|
|
|
Dsthymic disorder
|
symptms of depressed mood over 2 years, appetiivte changes, insomina, low eeergy/self esteem, does not meet criteria for depressive disorder
|
|
|
Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
|
I- is mania followed by dperssion
II includes hpomania and depression, hypomania not socially impairing |
|
|
Medical conditions that can cause psychosis
|
brain tumor, Wilson's, CVA, SLE< propyria, B12 deficit, pellagra, Korsakoffs, syhpyillsi, IV dementia, herpes encepthalitis
induced by LSD< meth, Mary J, cocaine, ketamine, salvia, ecstasy |
|
|
Schizoaffective vs. shizophreniform vs. shizophrenia
|
shizoaffective- 2 weeks without mood smptoms, shizophrenia + mood disorder
shizophreniform- shizophrenia but less than 6 months schizophrenia- 6 months +, delusions, halucinations, disorganized sppech and behaviro |
|
|
Crititcal point in embryonic development
|
weeks 3-8 start of most organogenesis
|
|
|
cornea vs. sclera
|
cornea- transparent tissue over anterior eye, area through which you can see inner eye
sclera- white, opaque fibrous surrounds the entire eye (white part) |
|
|
blind spot of eye
|
are of the optic disk, no photoreceptors here
|
|
|
macula
|
oval yellow area lateral to optic disk, forms fovea centralis
|
|
|
glaucoma
|
increased aqueous humor causes increased intraoccular pressure may cause blindness
|
|
|
superior rectus vs. superior oblique
|
have opposite motions rectus makes look up and medial, oblique is lateral and down
inferior rectus is inferior and lateral, inferior blque is inferior and lateral |
|
|
Branches of internal carotid artery in order
|
opthalmic, posterior comminicating, anterior choroidal, aterior cerebral (fronal and parieta lobes leg and foot areas for motr and sensory), anterior commonicating and middle cerberal- lateral fornal and parietla lobes, Borca's Wernickes and trunk and arm
|
|
|
vertebral arteris
|
branch off subclavian and merge together to form basilar after givin g off anterior spinal and PICA, basilar goes North
|
|
|
UMN vs. LMN damage of facial nerve
|
upper motor nueron causes only deficits in lower face, lower motor neuron causes entire side of face
|
|
|
Midbrain
|
damage by damage to posterior cerebral artery, either by hydrocephalus or ineal gland tumor, damage to dorsal portion can damage supperior ocolicuus an pretctal area causing aparaylsis of downward and upward gace plus damge to the aqueduct yielding hydrocephalus
|
|
|
Weber syndrome
|
damage to medial midbrain (occlsion of posterior cererbral artery), damage to CNII nerver roots, unopposed action of CN VI and IV leads to eye abduciton and depression, corticobulbar damage resulitng in ipsilateral lower face tongue and palate with contralateral hemiparesis below that
|
|
|
Damage to red nucleus and dentrarubrothalamic tract
|
causes intention tremor and contralateral cerebellar dystaxia, damage to medial leminiscus causes proprioception and vibration sense loss seen with paramedian midbrain infarction
|
|
|
Pons contains nucleus of...
|
CN V-VIII
|
|
|
AICA syndrome
|
damage to facial nerve nucleus, iispsalateraql paralysis of lower face, 2/3 tongue taste, cochlear nculess, deafness, damage to psinal trigeminal nerve, ipsalateral distxia, spinothalic tract (contralateral pain and temp) sympathetics (ipsalteal horner;s syndrome)
|
|
|
Lateral Miidpotine syndrome
|
damge from branches of basilar artery, damge to CN V nerver root, damage to middle cerebellar peduncle causing dystaxia
|
|
|
Obstruction of superior cerebellar artery
|
lateral superior pons, damage to cerebellar peduncles, medial lemniscus, symapthetic trunk, spinothalmic tract, (ispsalateral face and cntralateral body), damage to dentate nucleus causing dystaxia and intention tremor
|
|
|
Locked-in syndrome
|
central pontine mtelinosis, from infarction of entire base of pons, all motor function loss except ability to blink
|
|
|
medial medullary syndrome
|
damage to medial medulla causes ipsalateral paralysis of tongue, damage to CBSTT and medial lemniscus
|
|
|
Wallenberg syndrome
|
damage to lateral medulla, obstruction of PCA, cerebellar peduncles, nucleus ambigus (CN IX-XI), damage to sympathetics, ipsoilateral loss of facial pin, damage to vagus and CN IX nerve roots and spinothalmic tracts contralateral
|
|
|
CN foramens
|
CN III,IV, VI, and V superior orbital fissure, CN II is through optic canal
CN V3 is foramen ovale, V2 is foramen rotundrum |
|
|
hemitransection of the spinal cord
|
paralysis at the level and then spastic paralysis below on the ispalateral side, decreased pain and temp sensation on the left
|
|
|
loss of proprioception, paralysis on left side except face, tongue weakness, deviates right, loss of proproception on left. Lesion?
|
medulla, if also had facial anesthesia of entire face with mastication muscle weakness = pons, more caudal would have adduction of eye
|
|
|
paralysis of entire side of body except face ptosis and pupil dilation, no sensory loss, lesion?
|
in the midbrain
|
|
|
Important dermatomes
|
C7 middle finger, T1o umbilicus, L1-3 anterior thigh, L4 is medial, L5 is lower leg lateral, S1 is posterior lateral
S5 = ANUS |
|
|
hemiplegia on te entire right side of body, location?
|
internalcapsule
|
|
|
can't feel or move lower extremities?
|
anterior cerebral, upper extremities and toreso middle cerebral
|
