Bb The Nervous System

Front 1

Central nervous system
- function
- parts

Back 1

- sensory function, motor function, plasticity
- brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Somatic nervous system
- function
- parts

Back 2

- transmits sensation, produces movement
- cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Front 3

Autononomic nervous system
- function
- parts

Back 3

- balances internal functions
- sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming)

Front 4

3 layers of protective tissue around the brain (outer> inner)
- what is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 4

- Dura mater- outermost layer; tough and made of fibrous tissue
- Arachnoid layer- thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
- Pia mater- innermost layer; moderately tough inner layer that clings to brain's surface
- cerebrospinal fluid= a fluid that fills the ventricles and circulates the brain and spinal cord; located in the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid layer and pia mater)

Front 5

Brain divisions based on surface features

Back 5

- cerebrum: major structures of the forebrain= 2 HEMISPHERES (left and right) that are virtually identical and the most recently evolved brain structure
- cerebellum- involved int eh coordination of MOTOR and possibly other mental processes

Front 6

Brain divisions based on brain development and evolution

Back 6

- Forebrain: end brain (cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb) and between brain (thamalmus and hypothalamus)
- Midbrain: tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and tegmentum (substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area)
- Hindbrain: across-brain (pons, cerebellum) and medulla oblongata

Front 7

End brain: cortex 4

Back 7

4 lobes
- frontal- motor and executive funcitons
- parietal- tactile functions
- occipital- visual functions
- temporal- visual, auditory, and gustatory functions

Front 8

End brain: cortex other structures

Back 8

- gyrus- small protrusion/bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex
- sulcus- a groove in the brain matter, usually found in the neocortex cerebellum
- Central sulcus- 1) separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus 2) separates somatomotor cortex from somatosensory cortex
- Fissure- a very deep sulcus
- corpus callosum- fiber connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Front 9

Physiological divisions of the cortex: 3 types of cortex
- PMC, PSC, AC
- location

Back 9

- Primary MOTOR cortex (frontal)
- Primary SENSORY cortex- somatosensory (parietal), visual (occipital), auditory (temporal), gustatory and olfactory
- ASSOCIATION cortex- in all lobes (in all lobes)

Front 10

- 2 main types of neural tissue:
- GM, WM

Back 10

- gray matter- formed by neuronal cell BODIES
- white matter- formed by neuronal FIBERS

Front 11

Cortical layers
- different layers have different?
- density of cells in each layer?
- differences in appearance relate to?
- cytoarchitectonic map
- canonical cortical circuit

Back 11

- different layers have differnt cell types
- density of cells in each layer varies
- differences in appearance relate to function
- cmap- map of neocortex based on the organization, structure, and distribution of the cells
- canonical cortical circuit- information input> layer 4> layer 2-3> layer 5> output

Front 12

the limbic system
- function
- main structures
- location

Back 12

- function: regulation of emotional and sexual behaviors, memory, spatial navigation
- main structures: amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex
- group of structures located between the cortex and brain stem

Front 13

Limbic system: basal ganglia
- description
- 3 main structures
- function

Back 13

- accumulations of the GRAY MATTER inside the hemispheres below the cortex
- straitum (caudate nucleus, putamen) and globus pallidus
- function: movement control (automatic movements, adjustment of movements)

Front 14

Brainstem
- begins where?
- functions
- three regions (from the bottom> top)

Back 14

- begins where spinal cord enters the skull
- function: produces movement, responsible for UNCONSCIOUS behavior
- hindbrain, midbrain, between brain (thalamus + hypothalamus)

Front 15

brainstem: hypothalamus and thalamus
- function

Back 15

- hypothalamus: hormone function (connected to pituitary gland), feeding, sexual behavior, sleeping, temperature regulation, emotional behavior
- thalamus: gateway for channeling sensory information to the cortex, primary role of sensory processing, motor processing, integrative functions

Front 16

Midbrain: tectum and tegmentum
- location
- function

Back 16

- tectum- (roof of midbrain) sensory processing (visual and auditory), produces orienting movements
- tegmentum (floor of midbrain), eye and limb movements, species-specific behaviors, perception of pain

Front 17

Hindbrain: pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation, cerebellum
- function

Back 17

- pons: connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain, controls important body movements
- Medulla oblongata: vital functions- control of breathing and heart rate
- reticular formation: netlike mixture of neurons (gray matter) and nerve fibers (white matter), stimulates the forebrain (regulation of sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal)
- cerebellum- controls complex movements, size of cerebellum increases with the physical speed and dexterity of a species

Front 18

4 brain ventricles
- ventricle definition
- location of ventricles

Back 18

- definition: a cavity in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- 2 lateral ventricles- left and right hemispheres)
- 3rd ventricle- between brain
- fourth ventricle- hind brain

Front 19

Somatic nervous system
- monitored and controlled by the?
- 2 parts: CN (important?) and SN

Back 19

- monitored and controlled by the CNS
- Cranial nerves- the brain
--#10 vagus: heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharnyx
- spinal nerves- the spinal cord segments

Front 20

spinal cord
- function
- SR
- ? inside the spinal cord is organized in ? and ?

Back 20

- controls most body movements
- can act independently of the brain
- spinal reflex: automatic movement, hard to prevent (brain cannot inhibit)
- gray matter inside the spinal cord is organized in dorsal and ventral horns

Front 21

spinal nerves
- dorsal fibers
- ventral fibers
- law of bell and magendie
- dermatome

Back 21

- dorsal fibers- (top of the brain)- are afferent: they carry information from the body's sensory receptors
- ventral fibers- (bottom of the brain)- are efferent: they carry information from the spinal cord to the muscles
- law of bell and magendie- the general principle that sensory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally
- dermatome- area of the skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single spinal-cord dorsal root

Front 22

autonomic nervous system: balancing internal functions two divisions working in opposition
- sympathetic system
- parasympathetic system

Back 22

- sympathetic: arouses the body for action (ex. increases heart rate and blood pressure); mediates the "fight or flight" response
- parasympathetic: opposite of sympathetic: prepared the pbody to "rest and digest"; reverses the "fight or flight" responses