Basics Of Medical Mycology

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superficial mycoses

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*affects the outermost layers of skin and hair w/ little or no pathology

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Cutaneous Mycoses

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*destruction of the keratin of skin, hair, and nails

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Subcutaneous mycoses

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*involves skin, muscle and connective tissue immediately below the skin

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systemic mycoses

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*involves the deep tissues and organs of the body

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Yeast

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*single round to oval cells that usually bud to form daughter cells

*pseudohyphae

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mold

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*hyphae: tubular, thread-like structures of fungus

*mycelium: many hyphae intertwined to form a thick mat

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typed of vegetative hyphae

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*favic chandeliers

*nodular organs

*racquet hyphae

*spiral hyphae

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dueteromycetes

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*fungi imperfecti

*all have a sexual name and some have a sexual name

*clinically important

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conidiogenesis

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*asexual formation of conidia

*give rise to conidia

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types of conidiogenesis

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*blastic

*thallic

*athric

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blastic

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parent cell enlarges, then a septum separates the enlarged portion into a daughter cell

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thallic

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*a septum forms first, and the growing point ahead of it becomes a daughter cell

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arthric

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*daughter cells fragment w/in the hyphal strand

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holo

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all wall layers of the parent cell are involved in daughter conidium development

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entero

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*only inner cell wall layers are included

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chlamydospore

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*thick walled vesicle, which neither germinates nor produces conidia when mature

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arthroconidia

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*produced by fragmentation of the hyphal strand through the septation point

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microconidia

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*smaller conidia in fungi that produce both large and small conidia

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macroconidia

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*larger conidia in fungi that produce both

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antheridium

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male cell

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ascogonium

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female cell

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india ink

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*used to id cryptococcus neoformans (not used in the laboratory anymore)

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;incubation temps

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*25 acceptable but some organisms may multiply slower

*30 is the general temp for incubation of fungal culture

*37 may actually inhibit some fungi

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rapid growers

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5 days or less

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intermediate growers

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6-10 days

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slow growers

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11-21 days

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special media for sporulation

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*potato flake

*cornmeal tween80

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common properties of fungal pathogens

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*generally grow slowly

*may require special media for sporulation

*don't display a wider variety of pigmentation

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aseptate opportunists

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*absidia

*mucor

*rhizopus

*cunninghamella

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absidia

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*btwn. rhizoids

*collarrette remains at the base of the columella after sporangia dissolves

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rhizopus

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*columella w/out collarette

*Opposite of rhizoids

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Mucor

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*sometimes collarette is left on the columnella after sporangium

*no rhizoids

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Cunninghamella

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*one round sporangiola form at the tips of swollen denticles (small tooth like projections)

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Septate opportunists: dematiaceous

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*alternaria

*aureobasidium

*cladosporium

*curvularia

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dematiaceous molds

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*dark-colored hyphae and reporductive structures

*infection referred to as phaeohyphomycosis

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alternaria

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*chained, club-shaped poroconidia w/ horizontal and vertical septa

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aureobasidium

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*two types of hyphae:

-hyaline, delicated, thin walled

-thick-walled, dark, closely septated, w/ some cells forming short tubes that produce conidia

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Bipolaris

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*subcutaneous abscesses

*dark hyphae and conidia

*cylindrical, four or five-celled poroconidia w/ truncate hila

*horizontal septate only

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cladosporium

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*dark colored septate hyphae

*chains of dark one- to four-celled blastoconidia w/ a distinct scar at each point of attachment

*repeatedly forking shield cells

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curvularia

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*true bent knee shape conidiophores

*dark poroconidia w/ over-enlarged central cell

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epicoccum

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*conidia have horizontal and vertical septa and become rough-walled w/ age

*no microcondia

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septate opportunists: hyaline

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*acremonium

*aspergillus

*fusarium

*paecilomyces

*penicillium

*scopulariopsis

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acremonium

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*unbranched tapering conidiophores

*closely packed balls of sickle- or elliptical shaped conidia

*normally at a 90 angle

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aspergillus fumigatus

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*grows and branches at 45C

*has foot cell

*unicerate

*top 2/3 of vesicle

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poroconidia

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*holoblastic conidia produced through a pore in the parent cell wall

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blastoconidia

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*holoblastic condia formed by budding along hyphae, pseudohyphae, or a single cell

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phialoconidia

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*conidia arising from a phialide, which is a vase-shaped cell

*first holo then the rest entero

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annelloconidia

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*conidia arising from an annellide, which is a vase shaped cell that exhibits a new ring of material as ez conidium passes through

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Chlamydoconidia

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*thick walled hyphal survival conidium formed during poor environmental conditions, which will germinate and produce conidia when a better climate occurs

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Arthroconidia

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*conidia produced by fragmentation of the hyphal strand through the septation points

*may form adjacent to ea other, or separated by disjunctor cells

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Sporangia

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*asexual sac like structures at the tip of a support stalk

*contains sporangiospores

*produced by the phylum zygomycota (aseptates)

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ascus

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zygote

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ascospores

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formed by nuclear division w/in the ascus

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ascocarp

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*protective sac which houses the asci and ascospores

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Sexual reproduction: Ascomycota

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*ascus

*ascospores

*ascocarp

*cleistothecium (completely enclosed ascocarp)

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Sexual Reproduction: Basidiomycota

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*basidium

*basidophore

*basidiocarp

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basidium

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*club shaped mother cell

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basidiospores

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*sexual spore formed by the fusion of 2 compatible nuclei and cells into a zygote

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basidiocarp

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*protective structure which houses basidia and basidiospores

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Sexual Reproduction: Zygomycota

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*zygophore

*zygospore

*zygosporangium

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zygophore

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*arm of hyphae that extends towards another compatible arm to produce a zygospore

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zygospore

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*sexual spore formed by fusion of 2 compatible hyphal arms

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zygosporangium

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*thick outer layer covering a zygospore

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Mycelia Sterilia

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no reproducti e structures, just lots of hyphae

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cottony or wooly

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*very high, dense aerial mycelium

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velvety

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*low aerial mycelium

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granular/powdery

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*dense production of conidia

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glabrous

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*waxy, smooth, no aerial mycelium

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rugose

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Deep furrows irregularly radiation from center

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Umbonate

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*buttone like central elevation

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verrucose

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wrinkled, convoluted surface

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Fungal culture nonselective media

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*Sabouraud Dextrose

*Sabouraud brain heart infusion

*brain heart infusion agar w/ blood

*Potatoe dextrose

*corn meal

*potatoe flake

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Selective media

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*Inhibitory mold agar

*brain heart infusion agar w/ blood, gentamicin and chloramphenicol

*brain heart infusion agar w/ blood, gentamicin, chloamphenicol and cycloheximide

*dermatophyte test media

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culture preservation

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*distilled water

*freezing

*lyophilization

*oil overlay