Basics Of Anesthesia Test#2

Front 1

Dalton had three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions: What is the 1st part?

Back 1

Each element is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for that element but are different (particularly their masses and chemical properties) from atoms of other elements.

Front 2

Dalton had three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions: What is the 2nd part?

Back 2

Chemical combination is simply the bonding of a definite, small whole number of atoms of each of the combining elements to make one molecule of the formed compound. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.

Front 3

Dalton had three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions: What is the 3rd part?

Back 3

No atoms are gained, lost, or changed in identity during a chemical reaction; they are just rearranged to produce new substances.

Front 4

The atomic weights on the periodic table are averages of what?

Back 4

Weighted averages of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes.

Front 5

Russian chemist who constructed the periodic table of elements.

Back 5

Dmitri Mendeleev. He had a big beard, and possibly emphysema, based on his barrel chest.

Front 6

Organization of periodic table.

Back 6

Rows are periods, increase by atomic number.
Columns are groups/families.
Elements within a family have similar chemical/physical properties.

Front 7

Specific gravity

Back 7

Density of object over density of water. Dimensionless.

Front 8

Molecule

Back 8

Group of atoms chemically bonded together in a discrete unit. Electrically neutral.

Front 9

Compound

Back 9

Comprised of more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass.

Front 10

Difference between compounds and molecules?

Back 10

All compounds are molecules. If they are comprised of two or more different types of atoms, they are compounds as well.

Front 11

Atomic symbols

Back 11

Mass number is the superscript and the atomic number is the subscript.

Front 12

Ions

Back 12

atoms or groups of atoms bonded together with a net electrical charge. The charge is from adding/removing electrons.

Front 13

Cations vs Anions

Back 13

Cations positive (loss of electrons)
Anions negative (extra electrons)

Front 14

Ionic compounds

Back 14

Make crystal lattices in solid state. Held together by ionic bonds.

Front 15

Dessicants

Back 15

Anyhdrous form of compound with a strong tendency to form a hydrate.
(Silica gel)

Front 16

Boyle's Law

Back 16

P1V1=P2V2

Front 17

Charle's law

Back 17

V1/T1=V2/T2

Front 18

Gay Lussac's law

Back 18

It describes the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume is held constant

Front 19

Ideal Gas Law

Back 19

PV=nRT
P pressure
V volume
n number of moles
R is a constant of proportionality known as ideal gas constant (.082)

Front 20

Graham's law of effusion

Back 20

Rate1/Rate2=(Square root of MW2/MW1)=(u1/u2)

Front 21

Helium

Back 21

High thermal conductivity, so it rapidly pulls heat away from tissue that was lasered.

Front 22

One joule equals...

Back 22

Kinetic energy of 1 kg moving at one 1 meter per second

Front 23

Color cylinders

Back 23

Green oxygen
Yellow air
Black Nitrogen
Blue Nitrous Oxide

Front 24

Cylinder capacities

Back 24

Oxygen, Air and Nitrogen
E Cylinder: 625-700 liters
H Cylinder: 6000-8000 liters
Pressure is 1800-2200

Front 25

Pressure equivalents

Back 25

1 ATM is equal to 760 mm Hg/torr is equal to 1030 cm H20 is equal to 14.7 psi is equal to 1.013 bar
(1 bar=100,000Pa= 100 kPa)

Front 26

Absolute vs Gauge pressure

Back 26

Absolute pressure is equal to the gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure.

Front 27

Avagadro's constant/number

Back 27

6.022 x 1023 particles

Front 28

1 mole of gas has _____ liters at STP (which stands for?)

Back 28

22.4 liters
Standard Temperature and Pressure

Front 29

Nitrous cylinder capacities and pressure

Back 29

E capcity is 1590
H is 15,900
Pressure is 745
Blue color

Front 30

What is the constant of each of the following laws?
Boyle's
Charle's
Gay Lussac's

Back 30

Boyle's=Temperature is constant
Charle's= Pressure is constant
Gay Lussac's= volume is constant

Front 31

PV=nRT

Back 31

Ideal gas law
R is the ideal gas constant 0.082 Latm/mol,K

Front 32

Critical temperature....

Back 32

The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified.

Front 33

Three levels of pressure, High, intermediate, and low. What are the values?

Back 33

2000 psig
45-55 psig
16 psig

Front 34

Pascal's principle

Back 34

The pressure applied to a confied fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount.

Front 35

Principle of Archimedes

Back 35

An object floating on fluid will displace a volume of fluid that has a weight equal to the weight of the entire object.
If the object is immersed, the volume displaced is the same as the volume of the object.

Front 36

Bernoulli's principle

Back 36

The faster a fluid flows, the less pressure it exerts.

Front 37

Newtonian fluids

Back 37

Fluids where the viscosity of the fluid is constant, despite accelerating forces. Viscosity doesn't change with flow rate.
Water is a newtonian fluid.
Oil, blood, and paint are not. Blood's viscosity decreases as its flow increases.

Front 38

Poiseuille's theorem

Back 38

Flow rate depends on:
-Radius of tube
-Length of tube
-Pressure difference
-Viscosity of the fluid

Front 39

CO2 absorbents

Back 39

Grandular size is between 4-8 mesh.
4 mesh means there are 4 quarter-inch openings per linear inch.
Ethyl violet is the pH indicator that is normally colorless but turns a color after the pH of the absorbent decreases.

Front 40

Pa02 is roughly how many times the Fi02

Back 40

5

Front 41

Order of efficiency of the circuits

Back 41

Controlled:
DEBCA
(DEad Bodies Can't Argue)
Spontaneous:
ADECB
All DoggiEs Can Bite

Front 42

Minute volume

Back 42

Vt x frequency

Front 43

Fick's law

Back 43

Rate of diffusion of oxygen across alveolar membrane is determined by tissue area and the difference in gas partial pressure of the two sides.

Front 44

Ca02

Back 44

1.34 (carrying capacity of heme)
0.003 (I think is the plasma partial pressure of plasma oxygen)
1.34 x hemoglobin x sat = (.003x Pa02)

Front 45

V/Q

Back 45

A V/Q of infinity is "dead space" and a V/Q of near 0 is considered a shunt.

Front 46

Normal PaC02 for arterial and venous blood

Back 46

35-45 Arterial
38-52 Venous

Front 47

Normal Sv02

Back 47

50-70 mm Hg

Front 48

Normal Pa02

Back 48

Arterial 80-100
28-48 Venous

Front 49

A-V 02 difference

Back 49

Normally 5 ml oxygen
(Comes from normal value of 20ml of oxygen per deciliter of blood, 25% of that is used. The difference is 5ml)

Front 50

Equation for Ca02 and Cv02

Back 50

1.34 x Hemoglobin x saturation + (.003xP02)
Note that for Ca02 you use arterial saturation and Pa02 and for Cv02 you use venous saturation and Pv02.

Front 51

The Ca02/Cv02 equations give you the value of oxygen in the blood expressed in terms of:

Back 51

cc of oxygen per 100 cc of blood.

Front 52

Normal metabolism produces how much CO2 each minutes?

Back 52

200-250 ml

Front 53

C02 transportation

Back 53

80-90% in the form of bicarbonate
5% in carbonic acid
5-10% in carboxyhemoglobin

Front 54

Increases PvC02

Back 54

Fever, seizures, shitting... I mean shivering, sepsis, hyperalimentation, MH, tissue re-perfusion, sympathetic response to pain.
Exogenous: Laproscopy, re-breathing

Front 55

Central Hypoventilation

Back 55

Drugs
Brainstem lesions
TFFTB
Hyper-oxygenation? (I personally believe this to be a load of BS)

Front 56

Causes of decreased VT

Back 56

Anything that impacts your ability to breathe, obviously.

Front 57

Increased VT

Back 57

Hypotension (would like to understand the mechanism here), PE, excessive PEEP

Front 58

Factors that suppress the chemoreceptors.

Back 58

Narcotics, anesthesia, chronic obstruction

Front 59

Causes of hypocapnia

Back 59

Hyperventilation
Decreased dead space ventiation
Decreased CO2 production

Front 60

Bohr effect

Back 60

Just a name for the decreased affinity that hemoglobin has for oxygen when in decreased pH. This happens at the tissue level as CO2 is exchanged for oxygen, which promotes the oxygen being dropped off at the tissues. As it moves back pulmonary circulation, it shifts back to the left and oxygen loads onto the hemoglobin with more ease.

Front 61

Haldane Effect

Back 61

Deoxyhemoglobin has 3.5 times the affinity for C02 than does oxyhemoglobin.
Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry C02.
AT LUNGS: 02 on loading to hemoglobin displaces C02.
AT TISSUES: O2 off loading hemoglobin offers more C02 binding sites.

Front 62

Lambert Beer

Back 62

Absorption of light as it passes through a clear non-absorbing solvent is proportional to the concentration of the solute and the length of the path. It is how spectrophotometry works.

Front 63

Mapleson schtuff

Back 63

Read lange.

Front 64

Oxygen and Nitrous pin numbers

Back 64

Oxygen 3,5
NO 2,5

Front 65

Barotrauma occurs at what pressure?

Back 65

happens at 40 cm H20

Front 66

Boiling point

Back 66

Is the temperature that causes the vapor pressure to equal ambient pressure.

Front 67

Standard II

Back 67

During the anesthetics, the patient's oxygen, ventilation, circulation, and temperature shall be continuously monitored.

Front 68

Methemoglobin sat reading

Back 68

Falsely low when actual sat is greater than 85
Falsely high sat when actual sat is less than 85.

Front 69

NIBP

Back 69

Uses the Riva-Rocci method
If cuff is too large, your reading is too low.
If your cuff is too small, your reading is too high.

Front 70

ART line techniques

Back 70

Direct
Seldinger: Use a guide wire
Transfixion: Whoops, went too far. Now I'm gonna pull back and pretend like I meant to go through the entire effing artery.

Front 71

Advantage of Bain circuit

Back 71

Accidental disconnect
Possible kink of the tubing.

Front 72

Pethick (sp) test

Back 72

Occlude the patient end, flush the circuit with flow, release the occusion and it should close the bag.

Front 73

Normal anatomical dead space

Back 73

150 cc

Front 74

Anesthesia shunt

Back 74

Normally 14%

Front 75

Physiologic shunt

Back 75

1%

Front 76

Carboxyhemoglobin

Back 76

200-250x affinity to hgb
IR light absorbs same wavelength (660nm red) so a pulse ox will give a false high oxygen sat.

Front 77

Two drugs associated with methemoglobin

Back 77

Prilocaine and hurricane pray (benzocaine)

Front 78

Disadvantages of oximeter

Back 78

carbon monoxide
dyshemoglobinemias
hypothermia
motion
poor perfusion
anemia
dyes: Indigo carmine, methylene blue etc

Front 79

Anterior MI Early phase

Back 79

Early phase:
ST Elevation
Tall T waves
V1-6, 1, AVL

ST Depression in II, III and aVf

Front 80

Inferior MI Early phase

Back 80

ST Elevation Tall T waves II, III aVf
ST Depression V1-V6, I and aVL

Front 81

Anterior MI Evolving phase

Back 81

Inverted T waves in V1-V6, I and aVL

Front 82

Inferior MI Evolving phase

Back 82

Inverted T waves in II, III and aVF

Front 83

Why preference for IJ on the right over the left?

Back 83

Easier and less thoracic duct problems.