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523 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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croup
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acute viral infection in infants and children; characterized by obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor
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what are the most causative agents in croup
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influenza viruses or repiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
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diphtheria
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acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium)
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epistaxis
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nosebleed
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pertussis
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highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis. Also know as whooping cough
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asthma
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chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction caused by bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production
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bronchiectasis
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chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lungs
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what is the treatment for bronchiectasis
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palliative
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chronic bronchitis
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inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
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cystic fibrosis
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inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick, mucous secretions that do not drain normally
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atelectasis
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incomplete (atel/o) expansion (-ectasis) of alveoli: collapsed, functionless, airless lung or portion of a lung.
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what causes atelectasis
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tumor or other obstruction of the bronchus, or poor respiratory effort
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emphysema
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hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveloar walls.
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cor pulmonale
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as a result of emphysema pulmonary artery pressure rises and the right side of the heart must work harder to pump blood. this leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure
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lung cancer
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malignant tumor arsing from the lungs and bronchi
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what are the two gen cat of lung cancer
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non-smal cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
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pneumoconiosis
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abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
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pneumonia
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Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of inflmmatory reaction
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pulmonary abscess
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large collection of pus (baterial infection) in the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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swelling and fluid in the air sacs and bronchiloes
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
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clot (thrombus) or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
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pulmonary fibrosis
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formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
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sarcoidosis
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chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
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tuberculosis (TB)
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infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body maybe affected
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mesothelioma
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rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura; associated with asbestos and exposure
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pleural effusion
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity).
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pleurisy (pleuritis)
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inflammation of the pleura
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pneumothorax
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collection of pus in the pleural space
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pleurodesis
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is the artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of persistent pneumothorax and severe pleural effusion
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anthracosis
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coal dust accumulation in lungs
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asbestosis
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asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs
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bacilli (singular: bacillus)
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rod-shaped bacteria (caused by tuberculosis)
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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chronic condition; persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs
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chronic bronchitis COPD
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are referred as blue bloaters (cyanotic, stocky build)
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emphysema COPD
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are called pink puffers (shortness of breath, but with near normal oxygen levels and no color skin change)
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cor pulmonale
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failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
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exudate
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fluid cells, or other substances (pus) that slowly leave the cells or capillaries through pores or brakes in cell membranes
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hydrothorax
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collection of fluid in the pleyral cavity
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palliative
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relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
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paroxysmal
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pertaining to sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden
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purulent
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containing pus
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silicosis
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disease dut to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations
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ABGs
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arterial blood gases
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AFB
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acid-fast bacilus--the type of organism that cause tuberculosis
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ARDS
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acute (formally adult) respiratory distress syndrome--a group of signs and symptoms including tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia, and cyanosis associated with acute respiratory failure
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BAL
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bronchioaveolar lavage
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Bronch
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bronchoscopy
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CO2
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carbon dioxide
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-- airway obstruction associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis
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CPAP
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continuous positive airway pressure
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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C&S
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culture and sensitivity
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CTA
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clear to aulscultation
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CXR
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chest x-ray (film)
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DLco
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diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide
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DPI
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dry powder inhaler
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DOE
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dyspnea on exertion
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DPT
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diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus--toxoids for vaccination of infants, to provide immunity to these diseases
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ERV
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expiratory reserve--maximal volume of gas that can be exhaled after resting volume of exhalation
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FEV1
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forced expiratory volume in 1 second
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FVC
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forced volume capacity--amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration
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HHN
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hand-held nebulizer--device for administering aerosolized drug (in fine spray)
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HCO2
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bicarbonate--measured in blood to determine acidity or alkaline
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ICU
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intensive care unit
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IRV
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inspiratory reserve volume--maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled beyond normal inspiration
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LLL
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left lower lobe
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LUL
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left upper lobe
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MDI
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metered-dose inhaler--used to deliver aerosolized medications to patients with respiratory disease
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NC
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nasal cannula
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NIV
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noninvasive ventilation
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NSCLC
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non-small cell lung cancer
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O2
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oxygen
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OSA
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obstructive sleep apnea
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PaCO2
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carbon dioxide partial pressure--a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
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PaO2
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oxygen partial pressure--a measure of the amount of oxygen in arterial blood
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PA gram
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pulmonary angiogram
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PCP
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pneumocystis pneumonia--a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosuppression
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PE
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pulmonary embolism
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PEP
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positive expiratory pressure--mechanical ventilator strategy in which patients take a deep breath and then exhales through a device that resists air flow (helps refill underventilated areas of the lung)
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PEEP
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positive end-expiratory pressure--a common mechanical ventilator setting in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure
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PFTs
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pulmonary function tests
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PND
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paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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PPD
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purified protein derivative--substance used in tuberculosis test
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RDS
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respiratory distress syndrome
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RLL
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right lower lobe
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RUL
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right upper lobe
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RSV
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respiratory synctial virus--a common cause of bronchiolitis, broncopneumonia, and the common cold; esp in children
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RV
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residual volume--amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal expiration
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SCLC
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small cell cancer
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SIMV
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synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation
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SOA
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shortness of air
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SOB
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shortness of breath
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TB
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tuberculosis
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TBNA
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transbronchial needle aspiration (for biopsy of lesions)
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TLC
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total lung capacity--volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration, equals VC plus RV
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URI
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upper respiratory infection
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Vt
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tidal volume--amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation
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VAP
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ventilator-associated pneumonia--bacterial pneumonia in a patient who has been on mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more
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VATS
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video-assisted thoracic surgury (thorasoscopy, thorascopy
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VC
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vital capacity--equals inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratrory reserve volume plus tidal volume
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V/Q Scan
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ventilation-perfusion scan--radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung cappillaries (lung scan)
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anemia
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deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
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aplastic anemia
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failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of development, formation) of bone marrow cells
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hemolytic anemia
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reduction in red blood cells due to excessive destruction
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congenital spherocytic anemia
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also called hereditsary spherocytic; instead of their normal biconcave shape, erythrocytes are spherodial
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pernicious anemia
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lack of mature erythrocyes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into body. (Pernicious means ruinous or hurtful.)
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sickle cell anemia
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a hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis
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thalassemia
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an inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background
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hemochromatosis
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excess iron deposits throughout the body
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polycythemia vera
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general diease in red blood cells (erythremia)
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hemophilia
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excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of one of the protein substances (either factor VIII or factor IX) necessary for blood clotting
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purpura
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multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under skin
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Petechiae
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are tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages
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ecchymoses
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are larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
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thrombocytopenic purpura
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is a condition in which a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets
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leukemia
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increase in cancerous white blood cells
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acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML)
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immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate
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acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
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immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate
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chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)
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both mature ans immature granulocytes are present in the marrow, and bloodstream. slow progress in >55yrs w/o life threatening condition, treatable w/(Gleevec)
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL)
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abnormal number of relativity mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. usually in elderly & follows slow progress
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granulocytosis
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abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
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mononucleosis
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an infectious disease marked by increased number of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
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multiple myeloma
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malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
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destroys bone tissue and cause over production of immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein, an immunoglobulin fragment found in urine
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multiple myeloma
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condition leads to ostelytic lesions, hypercalcemea, anemis, renal damage, and increased susceptibility to infection, treatment: palliative
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multiple myeloma
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autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) patient serves as donor, may lead to prolonged remission
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multiple myeloma
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antiglobulin test
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test for presence of antibodies that coat and damage erytherocytes
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bleeding time
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time required for blood to stop floeing from a tiny puncture wound
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coagulation time
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time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
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complete blood count (CBC)
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determination of number of red and white cells and platlets, hemoglobin level and hematocrit, and red cell indices--MCH, MVC, MCHC-
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erytherocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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speed at which erytherocytes settle out of plasma
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hematocrit (Hct)
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percentage of erytherocytes in a volume of blood
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hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)
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total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
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partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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measure the presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway
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platelet count
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number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (ul) of blood
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prothrombin time (PT)
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test the ability of blood to clot
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red blood cell count (RBC)
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number of erytherocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (ul) of blood
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red blood cell morphology
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microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
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white cell blood count (WBC)
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number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (ul) of blood
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white blood cell differential
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percentage of total WBC made by different types of leukocytes
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shift to the left
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describes an increase in immature neutrophilis in blood
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patients with malignantnhematolgic disease, such as AML, ALL, CLL, CML, and multiple myeloma are candidates for this treatment
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hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
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ABMT
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autolgous bone marrow transolantation, patient serves as donor to self
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ABO
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four main blood types--A, B, AB, and O
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ALL
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acute lymphocytic leukemia
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AML
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acute myelogenous leukemia
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ASCT
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autologous stem cell transplantation
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baso
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basophils
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BMT
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bone marrow transplantation
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CBC
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complete cell count
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CLL
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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CML
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chronic myelogenous leukemia
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DIC
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disseminated intravascular coagulation--bleeding disorder marked by reduction in blood clotting factor
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diff.
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differential count (white blood cells)
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EBV
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Epstein-Barr virus, the cause of mononucleosis
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eso
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esinophils
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EPO
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ertherpoietin
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ESR
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ertherocyte sedimentation rate
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Fe
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iron
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G-CSF
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graulocyte colony-stimulating factor
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GM-CSF
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granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating-factor
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g/dl
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gram per deciliter
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GVDH
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graft versus host disease--immune reaction of donor's cell to recipient tissue
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HCL
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hairy cell leukemia--abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and infection
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Hct
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hematocrit
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Hgb, HGB
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hemoglobin
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H and H
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hemoglobin and hematocrit
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HLA
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human leukocyte antigen
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IGA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
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immunoglobulions
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lymphs
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lymphocytes
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MCH
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration--average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red cell; when MCHC is low, the cell is hypochromic
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MCV
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mean corpuscular volume--average volume or size of a single red blood cell; when MCV is high, the cells are macrocytic, and when low, the cells are microcytic
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mono
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monocyte
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mm3
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cubic millimeter
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polys, PMNs, PMNLs
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polymorphoneuclear leukocyte; neutophils
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PT
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prothrombin time
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PTT
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partial thromboplastin time
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RBC
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red blood cell; reblood cell count
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sed rate
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erytherocyte sedimentation rate
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segs
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segmented, mature white blood cells
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SMAC
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sequential multiple analyzer computer--an automated chemistry system that determines substance in serum
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ul
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microliter
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WBC
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white blood cell; white blood cell count
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WNL
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within normal limits
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AIDS
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--suppression of immune system and mark by opportunistic infections
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infectious diseases associated with AIDS
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opportunistic infection
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OIAIDS
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opportunistic infections with AIDS
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candidiasis (OIAIDS)
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yeast-like fungus
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cryptococcal infection (OIAIDS
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yeast-like fungus cause lung, brain and blood infections,
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(OIAIDS pathogen found in pigeon droppings, nesting places, water and soil; yeast-like fungus
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crptococcal infection
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(OIAIDS normally present in mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, skin; yeast-like fungus
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cadidiasis
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cryptosporidiosis (OIAIDS
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parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord
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(OIAIDS the pathogen, Cryptosporidum, is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals
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cryptosporidiosis
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cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (OIAIDS)
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virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye)
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(OIAIDS) found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when immune system is compromised
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cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
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Herpes simplex (OIAIDS)
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viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals.
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(OIAIDS) can also cause encephalitis
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herpes simplex
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histoplasmosis (Histo) (OIAIDS)
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fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum;
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(OIAIDS) causes fever, chills and lung infection. pathogen is found in bat droppings
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histoplasmosis (Histo)
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Mycobacterium avium-intercellulare (MAI) infection (OIAIDS)
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baterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections
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pneumocysitis pneumonia (PCP) (OIAIDS)
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one-celled organisim (P. jiroveclii) causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain.
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pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals (OIAIDS)
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PCP
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Infection is treated with trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of antibiotics (OIAIDS)
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PCP
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infection is treated with pentamidine; aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled, can prevent an occurrence (OIAIDS)
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PCP
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Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) (OIAIDS)
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parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis an seizures.
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pathogen (Toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb, pork, unpasteurized dairy products, and raw eggs or vegetables (OIAIDS)
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Toxoplasmosis
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Tuberculosis (TB) (OIAIDS)
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bacterial disease (caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs.
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Signs and symptoms are fever, loss of weight, anorexia, and low energy (OIAIDS)
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Tuberculosis (TB)
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MAAIDS
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malignancies associated with AIDS
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Kaposi sarcoma MAAIDS
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a cancer arising from the lining cells of cappillaries that produce a bluish-red skin nodules
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Wasting syndrome MAAIDS
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marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strenght, appetite and mental activity , may occur with AIDS
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persons with HIV antibodies in their blood against this virus are
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HIV-positive
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allergy
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abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
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anaphylaxis
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in which an extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body
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lymphoma
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malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
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Hodgkin disease
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malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes
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follicular lymphoma
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composed of collection of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement (Non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
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large cell lymphoma
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composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissue diffuely. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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multiple myeloma
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composed of plasma cells (antibody-producing B lymphoctes) associated with high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins, usually IgG.
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Waldwnstrom macroglobulinemia
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another tumor of malignant B cells. this disease involves B cells that produce large quanties of IgM (a globulin of high molecular weight).
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increased IgM concentration impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes, causing a hyperviscosity syndrome (thickening of the blood)
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
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thymoma
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malignant tumor of the thymus gland
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atopy
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hypersensitive or allergic state involving inherited predisposition.
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CD4+ cells
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helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein
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protease inhibitor
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drug that treats AIDS by blocking production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps to create new viral pieces for HIV
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retrovirus
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RNA virus that makes copies of itself by using the host cell's DNA;
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reverse transcriptease
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A retrovirus (like HIV) carries an enzyme, that enables it to reproduce within the host cell
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reverse transcriptease inhibitor
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drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcrptease, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
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CD4+ cell count
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measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
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ELISA
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screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
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immunoelectrophoresis
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test that separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)
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viral load tests
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tests that measure the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
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AIDS
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acquired immunodificiency syndrome
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CD4+
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protein antigen on helper T cells
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CMV
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cytomegalovirus--causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection
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Crypto
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Cryptococcus--causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection
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ELISA
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enzyme-linked to immunosorbent assay--test to detect anti_HIV antibodies
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G-CSF
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granulocyte colony-stimulating factoe--a cytokine that promotes neutrophil production
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GM-CSF
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granulocte-marcophage colony-stimulating factor--cytokine secreted by macrophages that promotes the growth of myeloid progenitor cells and differentiation to granulocytes
|
|
|
HAART
|
highly active antiretroviral therapy--use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS
|
|
|
HD
|
Hodgkins disease
|
|
|
Histo
|
histoplasmosis--fungal infection seen in AIDS patients
|
|
|
HIV
|
human immunodeficiency virus--cause AIDS
|
|
|
HSV
|
herpes simplex virus
|
|
|
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
|
immunoglobulins
|
|
|
IL1-15
|
interleukins
|
|
|
KS
|
Kaposi sarcoma
|
|
|
MAC
|
Mycobacterium avium complex--group of pathogens that cause lung and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients
|
|
|
MAI
|
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare--the bacterial species, M. avium and M.intracellulare, that have been identified in MAC
|
|
|
MoAB
|
monoclonal antibody
|
|
|
NHL
|
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
|
|
|
NK cell
|
natural killer cells--lymphocytes that recognizes and destroys foreign cells by releasing cytotoxins
|
|
|
PCP
|
pneumocystis pneumonia--opportunistic AIDS-related infection
|
|
|
PI
|
protease inhibitor
|
|
|
RTIs
|
reverse transcriptase inhibitors--for example, zidovudine (Retrovir) and lamivudine (Epivir)
|
|
|
Toxo
|
toxoplasmosis--parasitic infection associated with AIDS
|
|
|
arthritis
|
inflammation of joints
|
|
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
|
|
|
gouty arthritis
|
onlammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
|
|
|
osteoarthritis (OA)
|
progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
|
|
|
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
|
chronic disease in which joints become inflamed and painful. it is believed to be caused by an immune (autoimmune) reaction against joint tissues, particularly against synovial memebrane
|
|
|
pyrexia
|
fever
|
|
|
ankylosing
|
union
|
|
|
bunion
|
abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone
|
|
|
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
|
compression (by wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist (the carpel tunnel)
|
|
|
dislocation
|
displacement of a bone from its joint
|
|
|
acromioclavicular dislocation
|
disruption of the articulation between the acromion and clavicle, also know as shoulder separation
|
|
|
shoulder dislocation
|
disruption of articulation between the head of the humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
|
|
|
ganglion
|
a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
|
|
|
herniation of an intervertebral disk (disc)
|
abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartliginous intertebral disck into the neural canal or spnal nerves, AKA slipped disk
|
|
|
laminectomy
|
surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral arch, and open removal of all or part of the protruding disk
|
|
|
lyme disease
|
a recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms
|
|
|
sprain
|
trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments
|
|
|
systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE)
|
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs
|
|
|
condition affects connective tissue (specifically a protein component called collagen) in tendons , ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body
|
SLE
|
|
|
typically there is a red, scaly rash over the nose and cheeks (butterfly rash)
|
SLE
|
|
|
muscular dystrophy
|
a group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
|
|
|
polymyositis
|
chronic inflammatory myopathy, marked by symmetrical muscle weakness and pain, often accompanied by a rash around the eyes and on the face and limbs
|
|
|
antineuclear antibody test (ANA)
|
detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erthematosus
|
|
|
ESR
|
measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube
|
|
|
is associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthrits, tumors, and infections, and with chronic infections of bone and soft tissue
|
ESR
|
|
|
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
|
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
serum calcium (Ca)
|
measurement of calcium level in serum
|
|
|
serum creatine kinase (CK)
|
measurement of enzyme (creatine) in serum
|
|
|
uric acid test
|
measurement of uric acid in serum; associated with gouty arthritis
|
|
|
arthrocentesis
|
surgical punctue to remove fluid from the joint space
|
|
|
arthrography
|
process of taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into the joint
|
|
|
arthroplasty
|
surgical repair of a joint
|
|
|
(TKR)
|
in total knee replacement a metal prosthesis covers the end of the femur and a tibial component made of metal and plastic covers tip end of the tibia
|
|
|
arthroscopy
|
visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope and TV camera
|
|
|
bone density test (bone densitometry)
|
low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to measure bone mass
|
|
|
bone scan
|
uptake of radioactive substance is measured in bone; to detect tumors, infection, inflammation, stress fractures
|
|
|
diskography
|
x-ray examination of cervical or lumber intervetebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
|
|
|
electromyography (EMG)
|
process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a rsult of electrical stimulation
|
|
|
AC joint
|
acromioclavicular joint
|
|
|
ACL
|
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
|
|
|
ANA
|
antinuclear antibody-indicator of SLE
|
|
|
CK
|
creatine kinase--enzyme elevated in muscle disease
|
|
|
DEXA or DXA
|
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry--a test of bone density
|
|
|
DMARD
|
disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
|
|
|
DO
|
doctor of osteopathy
|
|
|
DTRs disruption of articulation
|
disruption of articulation
|
|
|
EMG
|
electromyography
|
|
|
LE cell
|
lupus erthematosus cell
|
|
|
NSAID
|
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug--often perscribed to treat joint disorders
|
|
|
ORIF
|
open reduction (of fracture)/ internal fixation
|
|
|
OT
|
occupational therapy
|
|
|
PT
|
physical therapy
|
|
|
RA
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
RF
|
rheumatoid factor
|
|
|
ROM
|
range of motion
|
|
|
sed-rate
|
ESR test
|
|
|
TKR
|
total knee replacement
|
|
|
THR
|
total hip replacement
|
|
|
TMJ
|
temporalmandibularjoint
|
|
|
albino
|
melanin pigment deficiency
|
|
|
basal layer
|
deepest region of the epidermis;
|
|
|
gives rise to all epidermal cells
|
basal layer
|
|
|
collagen
|
structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue
|
|
|
cuticle
|
band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
|
|
|
dermis
|
middle layer of the skin
|
|
|
apocrine sweat gland
|
large exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas
|
|
|
secretes sweat that, in action with bacteria, is responsible for body odor
|
apocrine sweat land
|
|
|
epidermis
|
outer most layer of the skin
|
|
|
epithelium
|
layer of skin forming the outer layer and inner surfaces of the body
|
|
|
hair follicle
|
sac within each hair grows
|
|
|
integumentery system
|
the skin and its accessory structures such as hair and nails
|
|
|
keratin
|
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails.
|
|
|
lipocyte
|
a fat cell
|
|
|
lunula
|
the half-moon-shaped, whitish area of the base of the nail
|
|
|
melanin
|
major skin pigment
|
|
|
paronychium
|
soft tissue surrounding the nail border
|
|
|
pore
|
tiny opening on the surface of the skin
|
|
|
sebaceous gland
|
oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follocles
|
|
|
sebum
|
oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
|
|
|
squamous epithelium
|
flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis
|
|
|
stratified
|
arranged in layers
|
|
|
stratum (plural: strata)
|
a layer (of cells)
|
|
|
stratum corneum
|
outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized (horny) cells
|
|
|
subcutaneous layer
|
innermost layer of the skin, containing tissue
|
|
|
crust
|
collection of dried serum and cellular debris
|
|
|
cyst
|
thick-walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisold material
|
|
|
erosion
|
wearing away or loos of epidermis
|
|
|
fissure
|
groove or crack-like sore
|
|
|
macule
|
discolored (often reddened) flat lesion
|
|
|
nodule
|
solid, round or oval elevated lesion more than 1 cm in diameter
|
|
|
papule
|
small (less than 1 cm in diameter), solid elevation of the skin
|
|
|
polyp
|
benign growth extending from the surface of mucus membrane
|
|
|
pustule
|
small elevation of the skin contining pus
|
|
|
ulcer
|
open sore on the skin or mucus membranes within the body
|
|
|
vesicle
|
small collection of clear fluid (serum); blister
|
|
|
wheal
|
smooth, slightly elevated, edematous (swollen) area that is redder or paler than surrounding skin
|
|
|
alopecia
|
absence of hair from areas where it normally grpws
|
|
|
ecchymosis (plural: ecchymoses)
|
blusih-black mark (bruise) on the skin
|
|
|
petechia (plural: petechiae)
|
small. pinpoint hemorrhage
|
|
|
pruritis
|
itching
|
|
|
urticaria
|
acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on the skin
|
|
|
acne
|
chronic papular and pustular eruption of the skin with increased production od sebum
|
|
|
first-degree burns
|
superficial epidermal lesions--sunburn
|
|
|
second-degree burns
|
partial-thickness burn injury; blistering
|
|
|
third-degree burns
|
epidermis and dermis destroyed (necrosis of skin), and subcutaneous layer is damaged, leaving charred, white tissue
|
|
|
cellulitis
|
diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling
|
|
|
eczema
|
inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, papulovesicular lesions
|
|
|
chronic or acute atopic dermmtitis (rash, on face, neck, elbows, and knees) accompanied by pruritis and tends to occur with a family history of allergic conditions
|
eczema
|
|
|
exanthematous viral dieases
|
rash (exanthema) of the skin due to viral infection; rubella, rubeola, and varicella
|
|
|
gangrene
|
death of tissue associated woth loss of blood supply
|
|
|
impetigo
|
bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions, contagious pyoderma (py/o means pus)
|
|
|
contaggious pyoderma
|
caused by staphylococci, or streptococcci
|
|
|
psoriasis
|
chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales
|
|
|
scabies
|
a contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritis
|
|
|
scleroderma
|
a chronic progressive disease of the skin with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue
|
|
|
SLE should be differentiated from DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus)
|
a chronic, milder, scaling, plaque-like, superficial eruption of the skin confined to the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms, and back. the reddish patches leave scars
|
|
|
tinea
|
infection of the skin caused by fungus
|
|
|
tinea corporis
|
or ringworm, is a highly contagious and causes severe pruritis
|
|
|
vitiligo
|
loss of pigmentation in areas of the skin (milk-white patches)
|
|
|
callus (benign neoplasm)
|
increased growth of cells in keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction
|
|
|
keloid (benign neoplasm)
|
hypertrophied, thickened scar that occurs after trauma or surgical incision
|
|
|
keratosis (benign neoplasm)
|
thickened and reddened area of epidermis, usually associated with aging or skin damage
|
|
|
leukoplakia (benign neoplasm)
|
white, thickened patches on mucus membrane tissue of the tongue or cheek
|
|
|
this precancerous lesion is common in smokers and may be cause by chronic inflammation
|
leukoplakia (benign neoplasm)
|
|
|
nevus (plural: nevi) (benign neoplasm)
|
pigmented lesion of the skin
|
|
|
moles that do not form properly may progress to malignant melanoma
|
dyspastic nevi
|
|
|
verruca (benign neoplasm)
|
epidural growth (wart) caused by a virus
|
|
|
basal cell carcinoma (cancerous lesion)
|
malignant tumor of the basal layer of epidermis
|
|
|
squamous cell carcinoma (cancerous lesion)
|
malignant tumor of the suamous cells of the epidermis
|
|
|
keratoses
|
are premalignant lesions in people with sun-damaged skin
|
|
|
malignant melanoma (cancerous lesion)
|
cancerous growth composed of melanocytes
|
|
|
Kaposi sarcoma (cancerous lesion)
|
malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules, usually in lower extremities, pink to dark blue and purple
|
|
|
bacterial analysis
|
sample of skin are sent to a lab to detect presence of microorganisms
|
|
|
fungal test
|
scraping from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a lab for culture and microscopic examination
|
|
|
cryosurgery
|
use of subfreezing temperature via lig N2 application to destroy tissue
|
|
|
curettage
|
shaped like a spoon or scoop used to scrape away skin lesions
|
|
|
electrodesiccation
|
tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark
|
|
|
Mohs surgery
|
thin layers of malignant growth are removed, and each is examined under a microscope
|
|
|
skin biopsy
|
suspected skin lesions are removed and sent to the path lab for microscopic examination
|
|
|
punch biopsy
|
surgical instrument removes a core of tissue by rotation of its sharp, circular edge
|
|
|
shave biopsy
|
tissue is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin
|
|
|
skin test
|
reaction of the body to a substance by observing the results of injecting the substance intradermally or applying it topically to the skin
|
|
|
scratch test
|
several scratches are made in the skin, and a very minute amt inserted in skin, (diphtheria and PPD [TB] tests)
|
|
|
ABCD
|
asymmetry (of shape), border (irregularity), color (variation with on lesion), diameter (greater than 6mm)--characteristics associated with skin cancer
|
|
|
bx
|
biopsy
|
|
|
Derm.
|
dermatology
|
|
|
DLE
|
discoid lupus erythematosus
|
|
|
PPD
|
purified protein derivitive--skin test for TB
|
|
|
PVUA
|
psoralen--ultraviolet. A light therapy; treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions
|
|
|
SC
|
subcutaneous
|
|
|
aqueous humor
|
fluid produced by ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber
|
|
|
biconvex
|
having 2 sides that ae rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere
|
|
|
ciliary body
|
structure on each side of the lens that connects the choroid and iris, contains ciliary muscles, which control shape of lens, secretes aqueous humor
|
|
|
cone
|
photorecepter cell in the retina that transforms light enery into a nerve impulse.
|
|
|
responsible for color and central vision
|
cones
|
|
|
conjunctiva
|
delicate membrane lining the retina that transforms light energy into nerve impulse
|
|
|
cornea
|
fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball
|
|
|
fovea centralis
|
tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
|
|
|
fundus of eye
|
posterior, inner part of eye
|
|
|
iris
|
colored pigmented membrane surrounding pupil of the eye
|
|
|
lens
|
transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. It bends (refracts) light rays to bring theom into focus on the retina
|
|
|
macula
|
yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision
|
|
|
optic chiasm
|
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain (chiasm means crossing)
|
|
|
optic disc
|
region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. it is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light
|
|
|
optic nerve
|
cranial nerve carrying impulses from retina to the brain (cerebral cortex)
|
|
|
pupil
|
dark opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass
|
|
|
refraction
|
bending of light rays by the cornea, lens and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina
|
|
|
retina
|
light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods & cones)
|
|
|
rod
|
photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and fpr peripheral vision
|
|
|
sclera
|
tough, white outer coat of the eyeball
|
|
|
thalamus
|
relay center of the brain. Optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to cerebral cortex
|
|
|
vitreous humor
|
soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
|
|
|
astigmatism
|
defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye
|
|
|
hyperopia (hypermetropia)
|
farsightedness
|
|
|
myopia
|
nearsightedness
|
|
|
presbyopia
|
impairment of vision as a result of old age
|
|
|
cataract
|
clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision
|
|
|
chalazion
|
small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland (meibomian gland) along the margin of the eyelid
|
|
|
diabetic retinopathy
|
retinal effects of diabetes mellitus including microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (new blood vessels form in the retina)
|
|
|
glaucoma
|
increased intraoccular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
|
|
|
diagnosed by means of tonometry
|
glaucoma
|
|
|
hordeolum (stye or sty)
|
localized, purulent, inflmmatory staphylococcal infection of a sabaceous gland in the eyelid
|
|
|
blepharitis
|
inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins
|
|
|
dacryocystitis
|
blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sa, causing redness and swelling of lower lid
|
|
|
ectropion
|
outward sagging and eversion of the eyelid, leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration
|
|
|
entropion
|
inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye; corneal abrasion may result
|
|
|
ptosis
|
drooping of upper lid margin as a result of a neuromuscular problems
|
|
|
xanthelasma
|
raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid caused by lipid disorder
|
|
|
macular degeneration
|
progressive damage to the macula of the retina
|
|
|
nystagmus
|
repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
|
|
|
retinal detachment
|
two layers of the retina separate from each other
|
|
|
seceral buckle
|
for larger retinal detachment
|
|
|
pneumatic retinoplexy
|
in selected retinal detachments is performed. A gas bubble is injected into vitreous cavity to put pressure on the area of retinal tear until retina reattach
|
|
|
strabismus
|
abnormal deviation of the eye, leads to lazy eye in children
|
|
|
fluorescein angiography
|
intravenous injection of fluorecein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils
|
|
|
ophthalmoscopy
|
visual examination of the interior of the eye
|
|
|
slit lamp microscopy
|
examination of the anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification
|
|
|
visual acuity test
|
clarity of vision is assessed with a Snellen chart at 20 feet
|
|
|
visual field test
|
measures the area within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head
|
|
|
enucleation
|
removal of entire eyeball
|
|
|
keratoplasty
|
surgical repair of the cornea
|
|
|
laser photocoagulation
|
intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals the retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels
|
|
|
lasik
|
use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism)
|
|
|
phacoemulsification
|
ultrasonic vibrations breakup the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe
|
|
|
scleral buckle
|
suture of a silicone band ot the sclera over a detached portion of the retina
|
|
|
vitrectomy
|
removal of vitreous humor
|
|
|
AMD
|
age-related macular degeneration
|
|
|
HEENT
|
head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
|
|
|
IOL
|
intraocular lens
|
|
|
IOP
|
intraocular pressure
|
|
|
LASIK
|
laser in situ keratomileusis
|
|
|
OD
|
right eye
|
|
|
OS
|
left eye
|
|
|
OU
|
both eyes
|
|
|
PERRLA
|
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accomodation
|
|
|
POAG
|
primary open-angle glaucoma
|
|
|
PRK
|
photorefractive keratectomy--a laser beam flattens the cornea to correct myopia
|
|
|
VA
|
visual acuity
|
|
|
VF
|
visual field
|
|
|
auditory canal
|
channel that leads from pinna to the eardrum
|
|
|
auditort meatus
|
auditory canal
|
|
|
auditory nerve
|
carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cotex). Thease fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
|
|
|
auditory tube
|
channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx; eustachian tube
|
|
|
auricle
|
flap of the ear; the protruding part of the external ear or pinna
|
|
|
cerumen
|
waxy substance secreted by the external ear; also called ear wax
|
|
|
cochlea
|
snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells
|
|
|
endolymph
|
fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
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eustachian tube
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auditory tube
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incus
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second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear; incus means anvil
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labyrinth
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maze-like series of canals of the inner ear. the includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
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malleus
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first ossicle of the middle ear; malleus means hammer
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organ of Corti
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sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
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ossicle
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small bone of the ear; includes the malleus, incus, and stapes
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oval window
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membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear
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perilymph
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fluid containe in the labyrinth of the inner ear
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pinna
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auricle; flap of the ear
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semicircular canals
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passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
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stapes
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third ossicle of the middle ear. stapes means stirrup
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tympanic membrane
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membrane between the outer ear and the middle ear; also called the eardrum
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vestibule
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central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule contains two structures, the saccule and the utricle, that help to maintain equilibrium
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acoustic neuroma
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benign tumor arsing from the acoustic vestibulocochlea nerve (eight cranial nerve) in the brain
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cholesteatoma
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collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear
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deafness
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loss of ability to hear
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sensorineural hearing loss
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nerve deafness, results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory (acoustic) nerve
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conductive deafness
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results from impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes transmitting sound waves into the cochlea
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Meniere disease
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disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops)
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otitis media
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inflammation of the middle ear
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heightening sensitivity to loud sounds, progressive hearing loss, headache, nausea, and vertigo.
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Meniere disease, attacks last minutes or continue for hours
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suppurative otitis media
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as bacteria invade middle ear, pus formation occurs
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serous otitis media
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is a noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid; results from a dysfunctional or obstructive auditory tube
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otosclerosis
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hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
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tinnitus
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sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears
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vertigo
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sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects
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audiometry
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testinng the sense of hearing
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cochlear implants
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surgicallt implanted device allowing sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech
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ear thermometry
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measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum
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otoscopy
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visual examination of the ear with an otoscope
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tunning fork test
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test of ear conduction using vibration source (tunning fork)
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AD
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right ear
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AOM
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acute otitis media
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AS
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left ear
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EENT
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eyes, ears, nose, and throat
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ENG
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electronnystagmography--a test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assessing eye movement s (nystagmus is rapidly twitching eye movement)
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ENT
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ears, nose, and throat
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HEENT
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head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
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PE tube
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pressure-equalizing tube---a polyethylene ventilating tube placed in the eardrum
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SOM
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serous otits media
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