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476 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Resection
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Is a cutting back in the sense of cutting out or removal (excision).
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Gastric resection is
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1. A gastrectomy;
2. Or excision of the stomach. |
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Craniotomy
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Removal of a diseased or injured portion of the brain.
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Thoracotomy
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Open heart surgery, or removal of lung tissue.
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Diskectomy
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Relief of symptoms from a bulging intervertebral disk.
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Mediastinoscopy
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Inspection of lymph nodes in the region btwn the lungs
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Tracheotomy
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Emergency effort to remove foreign material from the windpipe.
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Laryngectomy
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Removal of squamous cell carcinoma in the voicebox
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Arthroscopy
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Inspection and repair of torn cartilage in the knee.
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Peritoneoscopy
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Inspection of abdominal organs and removal of diseased tissue.
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Anorexia
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Lack of appetite
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Ascites
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
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Borborygmus(pl. borborygmi)
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Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by movement of gas, fluid or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Constipation
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Difficulty in passing stools (feces).
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Diarrhea
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Frequent passage of loose watery stools.
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty in swallowing.
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Eructation
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Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
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Flatus
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Gas expelled through the anus.
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Hematochezia
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Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.
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Jaundice (icterus)
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Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia).
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Melena
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Black, tarry stools; feces containing digestive blood.
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Nausea
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Unpleasent sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit.
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Steatorrhea
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Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter.
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Aphthous stomatitis
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Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers (canker, sores).
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Dental carries
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Tooth decay
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Herpetic Stomatitis
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1. Inflammation of the mouth(gingiva, lips, palate, and tongue) by infection with herpesvirus(HSV1).
2. (HSV2) occurs on the reproductive organs. 3. Both conditions highly are contagious |
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Oral leukoplakia
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White plaque or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
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Periodontal disease
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Inflammation and degeration of gums, teeth and surrounding tissue.
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Achalasia
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Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.
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Esophogeal varices
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1. Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esphogus.
2. Causes portal hypertension |
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Gastric carcinoma
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Malignant tumor of the stomach.
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Gastroesophgeal reflus disease (GERD)
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Solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach
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Hernia
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Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
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Peptic ulcer
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Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
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Anal fistula
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Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
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Name 3 types of hernia
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1. Hiatal hernia, diaphragmatic
2. Inguinal direct, passes through the abdominal wall in the area of the weakness. 3. Inguinal indirect, occurs through inguinal canal and descends into scrotal sac. |
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Colonic polyposis
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Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
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Colorectal cancer
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Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.
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Crohn disease (Crohn's)
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1. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon).
2. (Crohn's) and ulcerative colitis are forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). |
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Dysentary
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Painful, inflamed intestines.
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What cause dysentary
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1. Salmonellae or shigellae in food or water.
2. Amebae, or viruses. 3. Symptoms are bloody stools and abdominal pain. |
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Hemorrhoids
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Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.
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Ileus
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Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.
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Intussusception
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Telescoping of the intestines.
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension.
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Ulcerative colitis
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Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.
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Volvulus
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Twisting of intestine on itself.
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Cholelithiasis
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Gallstones in the gallbladder.
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Cirrhosis
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Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.
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Pancreatitis
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Inflammation of the pancreas
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Viral hepatitis
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Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
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Name the 3 types of hepatitis
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1. Hepatitis A;
2. Hepatitis B; 3. Hepatitis C; |
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What is Hepatitis A
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A viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is benign disorder spread by contaminated food or water and characterized by slow onset of symptoms. Complete recovery is expected.
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What is Hepatitis B
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Caused by the hepatitis B virus (HVB) and is transmitted by blood transfusion, sexual contact, or the use of contaminated needles or instruments. Severe infection can cause destruction of liver cells, cirrhosis, or death. A vaccine that provides immunity is available and recommended for persons at risk for exposure.
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What is Hepatitis C
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Caused by hepatitis The acute illness may progress to chronic hepatitis.
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What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A,B, and C
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In all types, liver enzyme levels may be elevated, indicating damage to liver cells. Signs and symptoms include malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
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Liver function tests (LFTs)
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Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin (clear fluid that remains after blood has clotted).
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ALT and AST
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ALT (alanine transminase) and AST (aspartate transminase), are present in many tissues, and levels are elevated in the serum of patients with liver disease.
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What does high levels of ALT and AST indicate
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Damage to liver cells (as in hepatitis).
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What does elevated Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos), indicate
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enzyme that may be elevated in patients with liver, bone, and other diseases.
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Serum bilirubin are elevated in patients with
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liver disease and jaundice.
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direct bilirubin test
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measures conjugated bilirubin (combined with a substance in the liver). High levels indicate liver disease or biliary obstruction.
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indirect bilirubin test
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measures unconjugated bilirubin. Increased levels mean excessive hemolysis (destruc of RBCs), as may occur in a newborn.
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stool culture
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Test for microorganisms present i feces.
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stool guaiac or Hemocult test
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Detection of occult (hidden) blood in feces.
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lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
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X-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum.
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upper gastrointestinal series
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X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after adminstering barium by mouth
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small bowel follow-through
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X-ray sequence images of small intestine as barium passes through.
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barium swallow
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X-ray image study of the esophagus.
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cholangiography
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X-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile duct.
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computed tomography (CT)
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Imaging technique in which a series of x-ray film are obtained to visualize internal organs in multiple views including in cross section.
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abdominal ultrasonography
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Sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Magnetic and radio waves produce images of organs and the tissues in all three planes of the body
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liver scan
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Image of the liver after injecting radioactive material into the blood stream.
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gastric bypass
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Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojujenostomy).
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gastrointestinal endoscopy
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Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope.
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upper gastrointestinal series
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X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after adminstering barium by mouth
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small bowel follow-through
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X-ray sequence images of small intestine as barium passes through.
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barium swallow
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X-ray image study of the esophagus.
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cholangiography
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X-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile duct.
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computed tomography (CT)
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Imaging technique in which a series of x-ray film are obtained to visualize internal organs in multiple views including in cross section.
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abdominal ultrasonography
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Sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Magnetic and radio waves produce images of organs and the tissues in all three planes of the body
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liver scan
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Image of the liver after injecting radioactive material into the blood stream.
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gastric bypass
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Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojujenostomy).
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gastrointestinal endoscopy
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Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope.
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laparoscopy
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Visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a lararoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen.
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liver biopsy
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Removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic visualization.
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nasogastric intubation
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Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach.
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paracentesis
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Surgical procedure to remove fuild from the abdomen.
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alk phos
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alkaline phosphatase
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ALT, AST
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alanine transminase, aspertate transminase--enzymes measured to elevaluate liver function
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BE
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barium enema
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BM
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bowel movement
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BRBPR
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bright red blood per rectum---hematochezia
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CT
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computed tomogaphy
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EGD
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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FOBT
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fecal occult blood test
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G-tube
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gastrostomy tube; also called a stomach tube PEG tube--used to introduce netrients into the stomach after insertion through the abdomen wall with laparoscopic instruments.
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GB
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gallbladder
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GERD
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gastroesohogeal reflux disease
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GI
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gastrointestinal
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HBV
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hepatitis B virus
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IBD
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inflammatory bowel syndrome
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LAC
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laparoscopic assisted colectomy
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LFTs
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live function test--alk phos, bilirubin, AST (SGOT), ALT(SGPT)
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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NG tube
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nasogastric tube
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NPO
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nothing by mouth
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PEG tube
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percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube--feeding tube
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PTHC
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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PUD
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peptic ulcer disease
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STEP
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serial transverse enteroplasty
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TPN
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total parenteral nutrition
IV TPN solutions typicallyncontain sugar (dextrose), proteins (amino acids), electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), and vitamins |
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T tube
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tube placed in the biliary tract for drainage
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removal of the gallbladder
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cholecystectomy
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large bowel resection
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colectomy
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suture of a weakened muscular wall (hernia)
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herniorrhaphy
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new opening of the first part of the colon to the outside of the body
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cecostomy
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surgical repair of the eyelid
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blepharoplasty
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incision of a ring of muscles
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spincterotomy
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new surgical connection between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine
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gastroduodenal anastomosis
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opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body
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ileostomy
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removal of gum tissue
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gingivectomy
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new surgical connection between the gallbladder and second part of the small intestine
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cholecystojejunostomy
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surgical puncture of the abdomen to withdraw fluid
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paracentesis
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hernia of the rectum
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rectocele
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normal urine color
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yellow (amber) or straw-colored
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colorless or pale urine
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indicates a large amount of water
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smokey red-urine
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indicates blood in urine
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Normal appearance of urine
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clear
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turbid or cloudy urine
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indicates urinary tract infection with pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria)
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What is the pH range
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between 0 (very acid) and 14 (very alkaline).
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Normal urine is
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6.5 acidity
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in infections of the bladder, urine pH is
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alkaline
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bacteria brake down in the urine brake down urea and release
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an alkaline substance called ammonia
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when protein test is positive
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albumin is usually responsible
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major protein in blood
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albumin
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albuminuria
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idicates leak of glomerular membrane
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microalbuminuria recognized is
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earliest sign of involvement of diabetes mellitus
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glycosuria
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sugar in the urine indicates diabetes millitus, hyperglycemia (excessive sugar in blood) renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the suger that filters through the glomerular membrane
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Specific gravity
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amounts of wastes, minerals and solids in urine
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patients with diabetes millitus have
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higher-than normal specific gravity of the presence of sugar
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Ketone bodies
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or acetones are brake down of free fatty acids to the liver.
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brake down of fatty acids instead of sugar, ketones in the blood
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acidosis is quite dangerous can lead to coma and death
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sediment and casts in bottom of urine
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signs of pathological condition. includes cells (epithilial, white, red), bacteria, crystals, and casts (cylindrical structures of protein, often containing cellular elements)
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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found in urine of infants due to lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
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Bilirubin
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present in darker appearing urine. Liver has difficulty in removing bilirubin from blood, hyperbilirubinemia occcurs and bilirubinuria follows
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glomerulonephritis
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inflammation of kidney glomerulus
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interstitial nephritis
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inflammation of the renal interstitium (connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules).
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nephrolithhiasis
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kidney stones (renal calculi).
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nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
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a group of clinical signs and syptoms caused by excessive protein loss in the urine
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polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
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multiple fuild-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla.
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renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
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cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
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renal failure
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failure of the kidney to excrete wastes and maintain filtration function
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renal hypertension
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high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
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essential hypertension
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cause arterial and arteriolar damage, resulting in stroke, MI, heart failure and renal failure.
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Wilms tumor
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malignant tumor of the of the kidney occuring in childhood
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bladder cancer
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malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
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diabetes insipidus
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inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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diabetes mellitus
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inadequate secretion or improper use of insulin
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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measurement of urea levels in blood
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creatine clearance
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measures the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
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CT scan
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X-ray image showing a detailed cross-sectional view of organs and tissue
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kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB)
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X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters and bladder
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renal angiography
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X-ray examination (with contrast) of the vascular system (blood vessels) of the kidney
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retrograde pyelogram (RP)
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X-ray imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder after injection of contrast through a urinary catheterinto the ureters
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voiding cystourethergram
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X-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while patient is voiding urine
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ultrasonography
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process of imaging urinary structures using high-frequency sound waves
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radioisotope scan
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image of the kidney after injecting into the blood stream a radioactive substance (radioisotope) that concentrates in the kidney
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{MR}
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a magnetic field and radio waves produce images of the kidney and surrounding structures in all three planes of the body
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cystoscopy
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direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
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dialysis
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process of seperating nitrogenous waste materials from the bloodstream when the kidneys no longer function
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hemodialysis (HD)
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uses an artificial kidney machine that filters waste from the bloodstream ans returns clean blood back
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arteriovenous fistula
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anastomosis of artery and vein shunting. surgically created for hemodialysis
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peritoneal dialysis (PD)
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uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into peritoneal cavity to cause waste to be drawn from capillaries
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lithotripsy
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urinary tract stones are crushed and either removed or pass from the body urine
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renal angioplasty
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dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
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renal biopsy
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removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination by a pathologist
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renal transplantation
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surgical transfer of a complete kidney from a donor to a recipient
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urinary catheterization
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passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder by way of a Foley catheter
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone--vasopressin
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ARF
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acute renal failure
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BILI
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bilirubin
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
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CAPD
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continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
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CKD
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chronic kidney disease-serum creatinine and BUN levels rise. Which may result in impairment of all body systems
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C1~
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chloride--an electrolyte excreted by the kidney
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CRF
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chronic renal failure--progressive loss of kidney function
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C&S
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culture and sensitivity testing--to determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's specimen
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cysto
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cystoscopic examination
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ESRD
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end stage renal disease--CKD
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HTO3~
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bicarbonate--an electrolyte conserved by kidney
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HD
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hemodialysis
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IC
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interstitial cystitis--chronic inflammation of the bladder wall; not cause by bacteria infection and not rexsponsive to conventional antibiotic therapy.
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K+
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potassium--an electrolyte
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KUB
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kidney, ureter, and bladder
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Na+
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sodium--an electrolyte
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PD
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peritoneal dialysis
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pH
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symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity
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PKD
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polycystic kidney disease
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PKU
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phenylketonuria
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PUL
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percutaneous ultrasonis lithotripsy
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RP
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retrograde pyelogram
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sp gr
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specific gravity
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UA
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urinalysis
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UTI
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urinary tract infection
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VCUG
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voiding cystourethrogram
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AB
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abortion
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AFP
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alpha-fetoprotein--high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicat increase risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant
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ASCUS
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atypical squamous cells of unknown significance--abnormal Pap smear but does not meet criteria for a lesion
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BSE
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breast self examination
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CA 125
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protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range 0-35)
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C-section
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cesarean section
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CIN
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cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
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CIS
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carcinoma in situ
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CS
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cesarean section
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CVS
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chorionic villus sampling
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Cx
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cervix
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D&C
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dilation and curettage
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DCIS
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ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer
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DES
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diethylstilbestro--an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menapausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy; it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated
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DUB
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dysfunctional uterine bleeding
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ECC
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endocervical curettage
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EDC
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estimated date of confinement
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EMB
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endometrial biopsy
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FHR
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fetal heart rate
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone
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G
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Gravida (pregnant)
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GnRH
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone--secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland
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GYN
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gynecology
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hCG or HCG
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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HDN
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hemolytic disease of the newborn
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HPV
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human papillomavirus
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HRT
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hormone replacement therapy
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HSG
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hysterosalpingography
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IUD
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intrauterine device; contraceptive
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IVF
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in vitro fertilization
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LAVH
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laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
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LEEP
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loop electrocautery excision procedure
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LU
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luteinizing hormone
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LMP
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last menstrual period
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multip
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multipara; multiparous
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OB
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obstetrics
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OCPs
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oral contraceptive pills
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para 2-0-1-2
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woman's reproductive history; 2 full term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children
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Pap smear
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Papanicolaou smear--test for cervical or vaginal cancer
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Path
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pathology
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PID
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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PMS
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premenstrual syndrome
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primip
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primipara; primiparous
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RDS
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respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
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SLN biopsy or SNB
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sentinel lymph node biopsy--blue dye or radioisotopes (or both) identifies the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics
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TAH-BSO
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total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
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TRAM-flap
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trans-rectus abdominis musclecutaneous flap--for breast reconstruction
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TVH
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total vaginal hysterectomy
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UAE
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uterine artery embolization
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BPH
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benign prostate hyperplasia (also called benign prostate hypertrophy)
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DRE
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digital rectal examination
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GU
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genitourinary
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HSV
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herpes simplex virus
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NSU
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nonspecific urethritis (not due to gonorrhea or chlamydial infection)
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PID
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pelvic inflammatory diease
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PSA
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prostate-specific antigen
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PVP
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photoselective vaporization of the prostate; GreenLight PVP
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RPR
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rapid plasma reagin [test]; a test for syphilis
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STD
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sexually transmitted disease
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`STI
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sexually transmitted infection
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TRUS
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transrectal ultrasound [examination]; test to assess the prostate gland and to guide the precise placement of a biopsy needle
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TUIP
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transurethral incision of the prostate, successful in less enlarged prostate and less invasive than TURP
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TUMT transurethral microwave
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transurethral microwave thermotherapy
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TUNA
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transurethral needle ablation; radiofrequency energy destroys prostate tissue
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TURP
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transurethral resection of the prostate
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AD
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Alzheimer disease
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AFP
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alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida
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ALS
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amyotrophic lateral disease--Lou Gegrig's disease
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AVM
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arteiovenous malformation; congenital tangle of ateries and veins in the cerebrum
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CNS
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central nervous system
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CSF
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cerebral spinal fluid
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CVA
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cerebralvascular accident
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EEG
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electroencephalography
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GABA
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gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
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ICP
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intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg)
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LP
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lumbar puncture
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MAC
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monitored anesthesia care
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MG
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myasthenia gravis
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MRA
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magnetic resonance angiography
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MS
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multiple sclerosis
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1/2P
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hemiparesis
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PSRS
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proton stereotactic radiosurgery
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Sz
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seizure
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TBI
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traumatic brain injury
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TENS
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transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation; technique using battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain
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TIA
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trans ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain
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tPA
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tissue plasminogen activator; a clot -dissolving drug used as therapy for strokes
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atheroma
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-oma means mass or collectio. Atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into a lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining
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cardiomyopathy
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toxic or infectious agents may cause , but not often the etiology is unknown (idiopathic).
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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ia abnormal thickening of heart walls (septa), which causes narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic valve
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cardiogenic shock
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results from failure of the heart in it's pumping action. Shock nis a circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary arteries
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arties come down over the top of the heart like a crown (native artery)
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myxoma
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a benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. These tumors occur most frequently in the left atrium
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vavuloplasty
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a balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve
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coartation of the aorta (CoA)
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narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
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radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)
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is a minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias. destroys tissue that causes arrhythmias
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patent ductus arterious (PDA)
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a duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normal closes soon after birth, remains open, (patent)
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septal defects
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small holes in the septa between the atria (atrial septal defect) or the ventricles (ventricular septal deffect)
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tetralogy of Fallot (fa-LO)
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a congenital malformation of the heart invoving four (tetra-) distinct defects
1. pulmonary artery stenosis 2. Ventricular septal defect 3. shift of the aorta to the right 4. hypertrophy of right ventricle |
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CHF
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congestive heart failure-blood accumulates (when heart unable to pump) in lungs (left sided heart failure) causing pulmonary edema (fuild seeps out of capillaries into tiny sacs of lungs)
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CHF (right side)
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damming of blood results in accumulation of fluid in the abdominal organs (liver spleen) and subcutaneous tissue of the legs
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TGA
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transposition of the great arteries (pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle) causes cyanosis and hypoxia as well
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CAD
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usually a result of atherosclerosis
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thrombotic occlusion
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blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
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blood flow is decreased to the heart
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ischemia, leading to necrosis
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necrosis of the myocardium
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constitutes MI, heart attack
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(MI), 5-7 days old
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acute myocardial infarction
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Acute coronary syndrome
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(ACS) are conditions caused by myocardial ischemia.
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unstable angina
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chest pain at rest or chest pain if increasing frequency
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis)
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hypertensive heart
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this condition results from narrowing of arterioles, affected (left ventricular hypertrophy) it pumps more vigorously to overcome increased resistance in the arteries
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MVP
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mitral valve prolapse; inproper closure of the mitral valve
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murmur
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an extra heart sound between heart beats
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bruit
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is an abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation, is a vibration felt on chest, often accompany a murmur
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
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compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardium cavity
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cardiac tamponade
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cause of pericarditis
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bacteria and virus
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pericarditis sound?
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auscultation reveals a friction rub (scraping or grating sound)
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aneurysm of small vessels of the brain
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berry aneurysms
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DVT
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deep vein thrombosis, usually in the lower extremities
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acute rheumatic mitral valulitis with chronic rheumatic heart disease
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small vegetation's are visible along the ling of closure of the mitral valve leaflet
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hypertension
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HTN--high blood pressure
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essential hypertension
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high blood pressure with no identifiable cause. in adults 140/90 mm hg or greater
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secondary hypertension
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the increased pressure is caused by another associated lesion. such as glomerulonepritis, pyelonpephritis, or disease of the adrenal glands.
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peripheral vascular disease
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PVD--blockage of blood vessels outside the heart, femoral (thigh),and popliteal (back of knee),
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intermittent claudication
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sign of PVD in lower extremities; absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest, but pain and weakness after walking has begun
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Raynaud disease
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episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in thelegs
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acute coronary syndrome
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consequences of plaque ruture in coronary arteries: unstable angina and myocardial infarction
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angina (pectoris)
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chest pain resulting from MI
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unstable angina
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occurs predictably with exertion
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unstable angina
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is chest pain that occurs more often with less exertion
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
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antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus dilates blood vessels. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.
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auscultation
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listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, by way of stethoscope
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beta-blocke
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drugs used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. they block the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the work load on the heart
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biventricular pacemaker
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device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of heart
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bruit
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an abnormal or blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
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calcium channel blocker
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drugs used to treat angina and hypertension. they dilate blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
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cardiac arrest
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sudden, unexpected stopping of heart action; sudden cardiac death
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cardiac tamponade
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pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
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claudication
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pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest
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digoxin
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drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heart
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embolus (emboli)
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a clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
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infarction
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area of dead tissue
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nitrates
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drug used in the treatment of angina. they dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and O2 to myocardial tissue
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nitroglycerin
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nitrate drug used in treatment of angina
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occlusion
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closure of blood vessel
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palpitations
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uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions PVCs).
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patent
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open
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pericardial friction rub
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scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation, suggestive of pericarditis
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petechiae
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small, pinpoint hemorrhages
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statins
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drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood stream
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thrill
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vibration felt on touching the body over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)
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vegetations
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clumps of platelets, cloting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on the endocardium in conditions such as bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease
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BNP test
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measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood
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lipid tests (lipid profile)
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measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample
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lipoprotein electrophoresis
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lipoproteins (combination of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample
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serum enzyme test
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chemical measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack, substance tested for are creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I, (cTnI) and troponin-T, (cTnT)
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Troponin
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is a protein released into circulation after myocardial injury
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angiography
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X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material, via catheter into aorta or an artery
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computerized tomography angiography (CTA)
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3-D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) (64-slice CT scanner)
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
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electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
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electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteris to diagnose CAD
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doppler ultrasound studies
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sound waves measure movement of blood flow
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echocardiography (ECHO)
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echos generated bu H-F sound waves produce images of the heart
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positron emission tomography (PET) scan
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images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substance
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technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
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technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected IV is taken up to cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning
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thallium 201 scan
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concentration of radioactive substance is measured in the myocardium
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cardiac catheterization
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thin flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
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recording of electricity flowing through the heart
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(ECG)
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left-sided cardiac catheterization
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the catheter is passed retrograde (backward) from the femoral artery into aorta and then into left ventricle. also performed via radial artery by increasing # of interventional cardiologist
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right-sided cardiac catheterization
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the catheter is inserted through the femoral vein and advances to the right atrium and right ventricle and into pulmonary artery, can also be performed through the radial artery
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Holter monitoring
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an ECG device worn 24 hrs period to detect arrhythmias
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stress test
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exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)
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cardioversion (defibrillation)
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very brief discharge of electricity, applied across the cest to stop arrhythmias
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery
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extracorporeal circulation
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heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
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heart transplantation
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a donor heart is transferred to recipient
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percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents (flexible device that springs open and opens vessel) are put in place
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thrombolytic therapy
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drugs to disolve clots are injected into bloodstream of pt with coronary thrombosis
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tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
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and strptokinase restore blood flow to heart and limit irreversible damage to heart. given 12 hrs after on set of a heart attack
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AAA
|
abdominal aortic aneurysm
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ACE inhibitor
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
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ACLS
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advance cariac life support; CPR plus drugs and defibrillation
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ACS
|
acute coronary syndrome
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack, and strokes and after all stent procedures
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AED
|
automatic external defibrillator
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AF, a-fib
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atrial fibrillation
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AICD
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automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
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AMI
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acute myocardial infarction
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ARVD
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arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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AS
|
aortic stenosis
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ASD
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atrial septal deffect
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AV, A-V
|
atrioventricular
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AVR
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aortic valve replacement
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BBB
|
bundle branch block
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BNP
|
brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in congestive heart failure
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BP
|
blood pressure
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CABG
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coronary artery bypass graft
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CAD
|
coronary artery disease
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CCU
|
coronary care unit
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cath
|
catheterization
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CHF
|
congestive heart failure
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CK
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creatine knase; released into the bloodstream after injury to heart or skeletal muscle
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CoA
|
coarctation of aorta
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CPRC
|
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CRT
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cardiac resychronization therapy; biventricular pacing
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CTNI or eTnT
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cardiac troponin I; troponin is a prtein released into the bloodstream after myocardial injury
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CTNT or cTnT
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cardiac troponin T
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CV
|
cardiovascular
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DES
|
drug-eluding stent
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DSA
|
digital subtraction angiography
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DVT
|
deep vein thrombosis
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ECMO
|
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
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ECG
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electrocardiography
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EF
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ejection fraction; measure; measure of the amount of blood thast pumps out of the heart with each beat
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EPS
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electro physology study; electrode catheters are inserted into veins and threaded into the heart and electrical conduction is measured (tachycardias are provoked and analyzed)
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ETT
|
exercise tolerance test
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ETT-MIBI
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exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan
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HDL
|
high-density lipoprotein; high blood levels are associated with lower incidence incidence of coronary artery disease
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HTN
|
hypertension (high blood pressure)
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IABP
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intra-aortic balloon pump; used to support patients in cardiogenic shock
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LAD
|
left anterior descending (coronary artery)
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LDL
|
low-density lipoprotein
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LMWH
|
low-molecular-weight heparin
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LV
|
left ventricle
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LVAD
|
left-ventricular assist device
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LVH
|
left ventricular hypertrophy
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MI
|
myocardial infarction
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MR
|
mitral regurgitation
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MUGA
|
multiple-gated acquisition scan; a radioactive test of heart function
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MVP
|
mitral valve prolapse
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NSR
|
normal sinus rhythm
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NSTEMI
|
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
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PAC
|
premature atrial contraction
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PCI
|
percutaneous coronary intervention
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PDA
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patent ductus arteriosus; posterior descending artery
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PVC
|
premature ventricular contraction
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RFA
|
radio frequency ablation
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SA, S-A
|
sinoatrial
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SCD
|
sudden cardiac death
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SOB
|
shortness of breath
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SPECT
|
single photon emission computed tomography; used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans
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SSCP
|
substern chest pain
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STEMI
|
ST elevated myocardial infarction
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SVT
|
supraventricular tachycardia; rapid heart beats arising from the atria and causing palpitations, SOB, and dizziness
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Tc
|
technetium
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TEE
|
transesophogeal echocardiogram
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TGA
|
transposition of great arteries
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tPA
|
tissue-type plasminogen activator; a drug used to prevent thrombosis
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UA
|
unstable angina
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VF
|
ventricular fibrillation
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VSD
|
ventricular septal defect
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VT
|
ventricular tachycardia
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WPW
|
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; an abnormal ECG pattern often associated with paroxysmal tachycardia
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auscultation
|
listening to sound within the body
|
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percussion
|
tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
|
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pleural rub
|
scratchy sound produced by the motion of inflamed or irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other; also called friction rub
|
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rale (crackle)
|
fine crackling sound heard on auscultation (during inspiration) when there is fluid in the alveoli
|
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rhonchus (plural: rhonchi)
|
fine cackling sound heard on auscultation of bronchai obstructed by sputum
|
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Purulent
|
(containing pus) sputum often is green or brown
|
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|
sputum culture
|
growing sputum in a nutrient medium to detect the presence of a pathogen
|
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culture and sensitivity (C&S)
|
studies identify the sputum pathogen and determine which antibiotic will be effective
|
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stridor
|
strained, high-pitch, relatively loud sound on inspiration; associated with obstruction of the larynx or trachea
|
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wheeze
|
continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration or expiration
|
