Bacterio 1 & 2

Front 1

What are Koch's 4 postulates?

Back 1

1. Bacterium in all ppl with the disease
2. Isolated in pure culture
3. Culture produce the disease symptoms
4. Re-isolated from infected animal or human

Proof that a microorganism is the etiologic agent of a disease

Front 2

What are the 3 molecular Koch's postulates?

Back 2

1. Determinant (gene) must be associated with pathogenic clones
2. Specific inactivation must result in loss of pathogenicity
3. Restoration of determinant must be associated with restored pathogenicity

Front 3

1. What is more diverse prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
2. Do prokaryotes have:
a. Membrane enclosed nucleus?
b. Unique envelope (membrane) structures?
c. How do they reproduce?
d. Defined intercellular organelles?

Back 3

1. Prokaryotes
a. No
b. Yes
c. Binary fission
d. No

Front 4

1. What is the criterion to identify a species of bacteria?

Back 4

1. 90% avg nucleotide identity, >98.7% identity in their 16s ribosomal RNA

Front 5

1. What are variants within a species that express slightly different properties such as serotype or phage sensitivity
2. What is an arbitrarily chosen representative; the "reference strain"?
3. What is a distinguishing characteristic based on surface molecules that are antigens (e.g. O antigen or H antigen?

Back 5

1. Strain
2. Biotype
3. Serotype

Front 6

1. What are macroscopic features of bacteria?
2. What are microscopic features of bacteria?

Back 6

1. Colonial appearance (shape size color) & surface properties (smooth mucoid rough)
2. Shape and arrangement (rods vs cocci, single vs clusters) & Differential staining

Front 7

1. What is differential staining of bacteria?
2. What does the gram stain differentiate?

Back 7

1. Distinguishes biochemical and structural properties
2. Differences in cell wall and envelope

Front 8

1. What are 2 main difference between gram + and gram - bacteria?
2. What are the steps in gram staining?
3. Which color is which?

Back 8

1. Gram (+) has a much thicker layer of peptidoglycans, and gram (-) has two phospholipid membranes
2. Introduce crystal violet, then iodine, then decolorize it, then add safranin
3. gram + stain a purple color b/c they retain the crystal violet within their thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
gram (-) stains a red color b/c the crystal violet is washed away and replaced by the safranin

Front 9

1. What stain detects presence and arrangement of flagella?
2. Which stain is most useful in identification of mycobacterium?
3. What stain detects capsules?
4. What stain detects spores in gram positive organisms?

Back 9

1. Flagellar strain
2. Acid fast stain- it holds stain after being treated with decolorizing agent
3. Capsule stain
4. spore stain

Front 10

1. Where does the H protein that is used in serotyping come from?
2. What are 2 bacterial surface exposed structures?

Back 10

1. From flagella, the helical protein filament from flagellin
2. Flagella & Pilli/fimbriae (thin hairlike protein polymers that help them attach to various receptors and surfaces

Front 11

1. Why do bacteria have a wide variety of surface structures?

Back 11

1. It is required to help the bacteria get stuff out of the cell b/c of the thick cell wall

Front 12

1. What is bacterial cell envelope pattern? (gm+ or gm-?)
2. What is the bacterial capsule composed of, and what transition is its loss associated with?
3. What type of Gm (+ or -) has an outer membrane? What does this membrane contain?

Back 12

1. Regular array of protein that covers the cell wall of some Gm+ organisms
2. Polysaccharide or protein .... from Smooth--> rough colony transition
3. Gm (-) Contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS is the O antigen)

Front 13

1. Are phospholipids found in the inner leaflet or outer leaflet of the outer membrane Gm(-) bacteria?
2. Which part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the O-specific antigen?
3. Which part of the LPS is the Lipid A moiety?
4. What does major LPS activity lead to?

Back 13

1. Inner leaflet
2. Sugar repeats in the side chain
3. Hydrophobic head group that inserts in the membrane
4. Hypotension (due to mast cell degranulation) & DIC- clotting of small vessels in the body

Front 14

Are the following inside, within or outside of GM (-) OM?
1. LPS
2. Porin
3. Braun's lipoprotein
4. Phospholipid
5. Peptidioglycan

Back 14

1. Outside
2. Within
3. Inside
4. Inside
5. Inside

Front 15

1. Are the following indicative of Gm + or -?
Phospholipid bilayer-assymetric, tripartitie LPS, Non-specific porins and specific protein channels & Braun's lipoprotein (murein lipoprotein)?

Back 15

1. Gm- outer membrane

Front 16

1. What are the transmembrane segments of the non-specific pores and specific protein channels of Gm - OM?
2. What is lipoprotein used for?

Back 16

1. Ampipathic Beta-pleated sheets
2. Linking cells

Front 17

1. What component is not present in inner membrane (IM) cell envelopes?
2. What is the principle lipid that composes it?
3. What is the most common transmembrane segment in IM?

Back 17

1. sterols
2. Phosphatidylethanolamine (polymixin sensitive)
3. hydrophobic alpha helices

Front 18

1. For bacteria where are enzymes for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, lipid biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, DNA replication found?

Back 18

1. Inner membrane

Front 19

In bacteria what is:
1. Single chromosome, folded not enclosed, often membrane associated?
2. an accessory DNA that is separate from 1 usually circular and non-essential?
3. Which ribosome is present?

Back 19

1. Nuclear body
2. Plasmid
3. fxl= 70S subunits of 30S and 50S

Front 20

1. What is a bacterium capable of causing disease; classic and opportunistic?
2. Capacity to cause disease (damage)
3. Relative capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host
4. Component of a pathogen that damages the host; this may also include components essential in viability

Back 20

1. Bacterial pathogen
2. Pathogenicity
3. Virulence
4. Virulence factor

Front 21

Definitions:
1. Establishment of an organism capable of causing disease
2. Organism causes disease in a normal host
3. Organism requires loss of host immunocompetence
4. Organism that is not associated with disease in healthy individuals

Back 21

1. Infection
2. Fran- or primary pathogen
3. Opportunistic or facultative pathogen
4. Normal flora

Front 22

Staphylococcus:
1. Gram + or -
2. cocci or rod
3. Physical appearance on division?
4. Potential Pathogen?

Back 22

1. +
2. Cocci
3. Grapelike cluster
4. Always

Front 23

Major component of normal flora in nasal passages, skin and vagina

Common cause of opportunistic infections, leading cause of nosocomial infections

Back 23

Staphylococcus Aureus

Front 24

Lives normally on skin and mucous membranes
Rarely pathogenic, mostly beneficial
Opportunistic

Back 24

Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Front 25

Bacterium that:
Significant cause of UTI

Back 25

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Front 26

Streptococcus
1. Gram + or -
2. cocci or rod
3. Physical appearance on division?
4. 3 types and what do they do to RBCs/

Back 26

1. +
2. Cocci
3. Grows in chains or pairs
4. alpha (partial heolysis), Beta (complete hemolysis), & gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis)

Front 27

1. What causes pharyngitis, tonsillitis, arthritis, bone infections
2. What is the most frequent cause of bacterial pneumonia, frequent cause of otitis media & meningitis

Back 27

1. streptococcus pyogenes
2. Streptococcus pneumonia or pneumoccus

Front 28

Bacillus antracis
1. Gram + or -
2. cocci or rod
3. What pathology does it cause

Back 28

1. Gram +
2. Rod
3. anthrax, due to the toxin produced

Front 29

Clostrida
1. Gram + or -
2. aerobic or anaerobic?
3. Cause serious illness?
4. Species?

Back 29

1. +, forms spores
2. Anaerobic
3. Yes via toxins
4. Tetani, perfringens, botulinum, difficile

Front 30

What bacterium produces:
1. Nosocomial diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis?
2. Severe tetani?

Back 30

1. Clostridium difficile (antibiotic associated due to killing off of normal bacteria leaving only the resistant difficile present)
2. Clostridium tetani

Front 31

What bacterium is involved in:
1. food poisoning, anaerobic wound infections, gas gangrene?
2. Botulism due to improper canned goods or honey before age of 1?
3. What does botulinum toxin do?

Back 31

1. Clostridium perfringens
2. Clostridium Botulinum
3. Blocks the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic and motor neurons

Front 32

Corynebacterium Diptheriae
1. Gram + or -
2. cocci or rod
3. Disease it causes?
4. What is pseudomembrane?

Back 32

1. Gram +
2. Rod
3. Diptheria (upper respiratory infection, fever, pseudomembrane)
4. Sloughing off of cells

Front 33

LIsteria monocytogenes
1. Disease it causes
2. How is it acquired
3. Risk of serious disease is highest in

Back 33

1. Listeriosis (mortality 25%)
2. contaminated meat, unpasteurized dairy products, food contaminated with feces
3. neonates, pregnant, immunocompromised, alcoholics

Front 34

1. What causes tuberculosis?
2. What is a stain to find it?

Back 34

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Acid fast stain

Front 35

Escherichia coli & Shigella
1. Gram + or -
2. cocci or rod
3. Location natively found in body?
4. Anaerobic aerobic?

Back 35

1. -
2. rods
3. Large bowel
4. Anaerobic

Front 36

1. How can it E.coli be distinguished from other enterics on culture plates?
2. What are symptoms of enteric infections?

Back 36

1. Purple (lactose fermenting) on Agar
2. Diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis; Hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS) O157: H7

Front 37

1. Which E. coli causes UTI?
2. What does shiga toxin damage?

Back 37

1. Uropathogenic E. Coli
2. Kidney

Front 38

What bacterium/disease is implicated in:
Bloody diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps.
Symptoms in 24-48 hrs post exposure
Resolves in 5-7 days
May be fatal in young or elderly

Back 38

Shigella flexneri/Shigellosis

Front 39

Salmonella
1. Gram + or -
2. immotile or motile
3. Causes what 3 syndromes
4. Pathogenic?

Back 39

1. -
2. Motile with flagella
3. Enteric fever (typhoid), gastroenteritis, bacteremia
4. Always

Front 40

1. How is enteric fever/ Typhoid fever (s. typhi) transmitted?
2. What is an infectious dose?

Back 40

1. ONLY human to human
2. 15-20 organisms, most infectious of these bacteria

Front 41

1. What causes gastroenteritis?
2. What are the 2 most common subtypes of 1?

Back 41

1. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella
2. Typhimurium, Enteritidis (associated with chicken eggs)

Front 42

Vibrio Cholerae
1. Gram + or -
2. shape
3. Disease it causes?
4. How is the pathology characterized?

Back 42

1. Gram -
2. Curved rod or comma
3. epidemic or asiatic cholera
4. Massive diarrhea (rice water stool) caused by the enterotoxin

Front 43

Vibrio ssp.: vulnificus and parahemolyticus
1. Gram + or -
2. shape
3. Locations it is found in?

Back 43

1. Gram negative
2. comma shaped
3. undercooked seafood (bottom feeders) & brackish sea water

Front 44

pseudomonas aeruginosa
1. Gram + or -
2. shape
3. Primary or opportunistic?

Back 44

1. Gram -
2. straight or slightly curved rods
3. Opportunitic... causes nosocomial infections

Front 45

Legionella pneumophila
1. Gram + or -
2. shape
3. Disease it causes?
4. How is it transmitted

Back 45

1. Gram -
2. Bacillus- motile
3. Pontiac fever & legionnaire's disease
4. airborn water droplets

Front 46

Bordatella pertussus
1. Gram + or -
2. shape
3. Disease it causes?
4. Aerobe or anaerobic?

Back 46

1. Gram negative
2. Coccal
3. Whooping cough (Has LPS endotoxin)
4. Aerobes

Front 47

1. What is the second leading cause of STD in the US, and can cause urethritis, diseminated disease, opthalmia neonatorum, pharyngitis

Back 47

1. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Front 48

1. What is an important cause of bacterial meningitis?
2. What causes syphyllis?
3. What is the shape, motility?

Back 48

1. Neisseria meningitidis
2. Treponema Pallidum (Spirochete)
3. Helically coiled, highly motile

Front 49

1. What genuses are spore forming?
2. What is the only strict anaerobe that was discussed?

Back 49

1. Clostridium & Bacillus
2. Bacteriodes fragilis