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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Features of Spirochetes
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helical, Long and thin, Axial filaments, Cannot be seen with comp microscope, Must use darkfield microscope, fragile and easily killed with antibiotics, How to grow in culture
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Treponema pallidium Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Treponema pallidium Disease: Syphilis Route of transmission: Sexually or congenitally (birth) Hallmark: Cannot be grown in test tube, Susceptible to heating and drying Vaccine: None |
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Stages of syphilis |
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
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Primary syphilis characteristic |
Hard based chancre that is painless
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Secondary syphilis characteristic |
1-3 months following infection. Skin rash affecting palms and soles, flue like sx
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Tertiary syphilis characteristic |
May occur decades later, neurogenic.
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Borrelia recurrentis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Borrelia recurrentis Disease: Relapsing fever Route of transmission: Soft tick bite and body lice Hallmark: Recurring fever about 1 week apart Vaccine: Tetracycline for tx but no vaccine |
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Borrelia burgdorferi Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Borrelia burgdorferi Disease: Lyme disease Route of transmission: hard ticks Hallmark: Bulls eye lesion in 50% of cases, arthritic sx otherwise Vaccine: None. Dirty vaccine for k9s, Tetracycline, erythromycin, pcn |
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Campylobecter jejune Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Campylobacter jejune Disease: Outbreaks of food borne disease Route of transmission: Food borne Hallmark: Diarhea, abdominal cramps and fever, NO VOMITING. Produces cytotoxin that kill scells Vaccine: No vaccine but self limiting |
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Helicobacter pylori Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Helicobacter pylori Disease: Gastritis Route of transmission: Unknown Hallmark: Responsible for almost all ulcers. Proven by Koch’s postulates Vaccine: No vaccine, tx with antibiotics. Do not tx with antacids |
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Psuedomonads according to gram and oxygen |
Gram negative aerobic
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Psuedomonads physical characteristics |
rod shaped with polar flagella and often produce diffusible pigments
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Psuedomonas is very proficient as an |
opportunistic pathogen
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These organisms can grow in soaps, adhesives and some antiseptics |
pseudomonads
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Although these organisms are aerobic, they are often capable of anaerobic respiration using nitrate as the terminal electron receptor. This allows them to contribute to the conversion of nitrates from soil into a form useable by plants |
pseudomonads
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Psuedomonas aeruginosa Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Psuedomonas aeruginosa Disease: Dermatitis, outer ear infections, infections to burn and CF pts Route of transmission: Water borne, direct contact, nosocomial Hallmark: Known for fluorescent green pigment, heavy pigment and very characteristic odor Vaccine: None |
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Legionella pneumophila Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Legionella pneumophila Disease: Legionaire’s disease or legionellosis Route of transmission: Respiratory Hallmark: Colonize streams, water lines in hospitals, showers and cooling towers of ac systems Vaccine: None |
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Bordatella pertussis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Bordatella pertussis Disease: Whooping cough Route of transmission: Respiratory Hallmark: destruction of mucociliary escelator Vaccine: DTaP, Boosters may be given |
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Initial phase of whooping cough |
catarrhal stage
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Catarrhal stage of whooping cough resembles what |
a common cold
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Second stage of whooping cough |
paroxysmal
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Paroxysmal stage of whooping cough characterized by |
destruction of mucociliary escalator
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Third stage of whooping cough |
convalescence phase
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Moraxella lacunata Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Moraxella lacunata Disease: Most common bacterial cause of Conjunctivits (pink eye) Route of transmission: Direct contact Hallmark: Stricly aerobic coccobacillus Vaccine: None |
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Brucella melitensis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Brucella melitensis Disease: Brucellosis or undulant fever Route of transmission: Direct handling of infected animals Hallmark: Zoonotic organism, abortion storms, damge reproduction of cows Vaccine: Vaccine is available for cattle and high risk groups, farmers, ranchers, vets. Tx with erythromycin and tetracycline |
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Francisella tularensis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Francisella tularensis Disease: Tularemia (rabbit fever) Route of transmission: Handling infected meat, undercooked meat, deer fly bites Hallmark: Known for being zoonotic organisms Vaccine: Streptomysin. Cannot be tx with PCN or sporins. Live attenuated vaccine for those at high risk |
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Microaerophile |
an organism which requires reduced oxygen levels can CO2. They do require O2 but in small amounts
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Disease: Gonorrhea and PID, Opthalmia neonatorum Route of transmission: Sexual or birth canal Hallmark: STD known for what is called the drip or the clap Vaccine: None, drug of choice is beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporin, spectinomycin for beta-lacta resistant strains |
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How does viral and bacterial meningitis differ |
Viral will not create turbidity in culture. Bacterial is also a faster killer
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Leading causes of bacterial meningitis |
Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. All are microaerophilic and Haemophilus influenzae requires blood.
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Neisseria meningitides Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Neisseria meningitides Disease: Meningococcal meningitis Route of transmission: Respiratory Hallmark: Known for rash associated with the meningitis Vaccine: Purified capsular polysaccharide for some strains. PCN or sporin for first tx |
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Facultative anaerobic |
is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.
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An obligate aerobe |
cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen
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obligate anaerobes |
die in the presence of oxygen.
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Three families of very medically important facultative anaerobic Gram negative rods are |
Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, and Pasteurellaceae
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The enterics inhabit |
the intestinal tracts of animals
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Enterics are usually active |
glucose fermenters
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Many enterics are motile with |
peritrichous flagella and have fimbriae allowing them to attach to mucous membranes
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Endotoxin is found in the outer membrane of all members of this group |
enterics
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Most members of this group have sex pili for exchange of genetic material specifically antibiotic resistance |
enterics
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Bacteriocins |
proteins causing lysis of related species of bacteria
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Septecemia |
presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood stream
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Most common cause of septicemia |
enterics
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Toxemia |
presence of bacterial toxins in the blood stream
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Escherichia coli Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Escherichia coli Disease: UTI and travelers diarrhea Route of transmission: Fecal/Oral Hallmark: The jack in the box E. coli (o157:H7) is the deadliest strain Vaccine: None |
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Most commonly produced endotoxins or virulence factors produced by E. coli |
Endotoxin LPS, Adhesions in UTI, Capsules, Enterotoxin, Verotoxin
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Verotoxin only found in what strain of E. coli |
O157:H7
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All E.Coli strains will produce |
endotoxins
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Salmonella species Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Salmonella species Disease: Salmonellosis Route of transmission: Fecal oral Hallmark: 12-36 hours incubation, Causes 70% of the diarrheal disease in the US Vaccine: None. Rehydration therapy |
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Salmonella typhi Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Salmonella typhi Disease: typhoid fever Route of transmission: fecal oral Hallmark: known for the formation of carriers with the organism harbored in their gall bladders Vaccine: Killed vaccine |
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Shigella dysenteriae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Shigella dysenteriae Disease: bacilliary dysentery or shigellosis and travelers diarrhea Route of transmission: fecal oral Hallmark: One single shigella can make you extremely sick whereas it requires a large dose of salmonella to get you sick. Vaccine: No vaccine. High degree of resistance limits antibiotics |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Klebsiella pneumoniae Disease: UTI and respiratory tract infections Route of transmission: Normal Flora or direct contact Hallmark: Many of these infection are nosocomial and from things like stethescopes which are shared between pts without cleaning Vaccine: None , Very resistant to antibiotics |
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Yersinia pestis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Yersinia pestis Disease: bubonic plague and pneumonic plague Route of transmission: flea bite in bubonic form, respiratory Hallmark: In the pneumonic form inhaling one cell results in death within 24 hours. Is a zoonotic disease Vaccine: Killed vaccine gives partial protection. Prophylaxis by strict quarantine, rodent control, strict isolation of patients, prophy antibiotics |
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Yersinia enterocolitica Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Yersinia enterocolitica Disease: Childhood diarrheal disease Route of transmission: Contaminated water or foods, possible from dogs Hallmark: May be mistaken for appendicitis, arthritis symptoms may develop Vaccine: None, self-limiting in 1-3 weeks |
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Vibrio cholera Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Vibrio cholera Disease: Cholera Route of transmission: Contaminated water or foods Hallmark: Known for large volume of diarrhea per day and death due to the secondary effects of dehydration Vaccine: available but limited in use, antibiotics don’t work well |
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Vibrio parahemolyticus Disease: gastroenteritis Route of transmission: raw or undercooked shellfish Hallmark: Cooking completely eliminates the risk of this disease Vaccine: None |
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Haemophilus influenza capsular type B (Hib) Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Haemophilus influenza capsular type B (Hib) Disease: Meningitis, earaches, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, bronchitis, pneumonia Route of transmission: Airborne Hallmark: Until recently was the #1 cause of meningitis in children. It has dropped to three because of Hib vaccine, but still very common for infections in children Vaccine: Hib titer given to infants. TETRAIMMUNE is Hib, dip, pertussis, and tet. Comvax is Hib and Hep B |
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Gardenerella vaginalis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Gardnerella vaginalis Disease: Vaginitis Route of transmission: normal flora in most women or their sexual partners Hallmark: Not a classical STD. Some docs will call it an STD because it can be passed between partners Vaccine: None |
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Coxiella burnetii Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Coxiella burnetii Disease: Q fever Route of transmission: aerosols from animals or by contaminated milk from cows Hallmark: Only known gran NEG endospore producer Vaccine: Killed vax available for high risk groups, killed by pasteurization |
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What is the only known gram neg endospore producer |
Coxiella burnetii
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Rickettsia prowazekii Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Rickettsia prowazekii Disease: epidemic typhus Route of transmission: feces of human body lice Hallmark: rash, prolonged high fever and stupor Vaccine: none, treatable with antibiotics |
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Rickettsia typhi Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Rickettsia typhi Disease: endemic murine typhus (not typhoid fever shich is called by almonella Route of transmission: rat fleas Hallmark: less severe Vaccine: None, self limiting |
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Rickettsia rickettsia Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Ricketsia ricketsii Disease: Rocky Mountain spotted fever Route of transmission: Tick bite Hallmark: this is one of only two diseases that cause a reach on the palms and soles, both are bacterial – rocky mountain spotted fever and syphilis Vaccine: none |
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Chlamydia trachomatis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Chlamydia trachomatis Disease: trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis, PID and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) Route of transmission: STD Hallmark: Most common STD in the US. Leading cause of infectious blindness in world, 75% of women are asymptomatic. Vaccine: None |
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Trachoma |
infection of the cornea of the eye. Leading cause of infectious blindness in the world
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Strictures |
bands of scar tissue that can form around tubing in the GI or GU system
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Chlamydia pneumoniae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Chlamydia pseumoniae Disease: Pneumonia, Atherosclerosis Route of transmission: Respiratory Hallmark: Found in 90% of coronary arteries with atherosclerosis. Thought that organism changes the surface of artery linings resulting in pre-disposition to the deposition of plaque. Vaccine: None |
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Mycoplasma pneumonia Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Mycoplasma pneumonia Disease: Primary atypical pneumonia Route of transmission: respiratory Hallmark: walking pneumonia is hard to treat because all antibiotics which target the peptidoglycan will not work as the cell doesn’t have any Vaccine: None |
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Staphylococcus aureus Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Staphylococcus aureus Disease: Folliculitis, impetigo, sty, carbuncle/furuncle, post-op infections, cath infections, scalded skin syndrome, TSS, staph food poisoning within 1-24 hours Route of transmission: Normal flora Hallmark: MRSA is nosocomial Vaccine: None |
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Two big players in gram pos cocci |
staph and strep
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Diseases caused by staph aureus |
Folliculitis, Impetigo, Sty, carbuncles/furuncles, post-op infections, cath infections, scalded skin syndrome, Toxic shock syndrome, staph food poisoning
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Streptococcus pyogenes Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Streptococcus pyogens Disease: Strep throat, ear, sinus tonsil infections, puerperal sepsis, impetigo in older children/adults, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever Route of transmission: respiratory or direct contact Hallmark: Scarlet fever. Vaccine: no vaccine |
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Diseases caused by streptococcus pyogens |
Strep throat, ear, sinus tonsil infections, puerperal sepsis, impetigo in older children/adults, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever
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Scarlet fever |
toxin gene carried on a prophage, causes rash which is pin point and rough. Strawberry tongue is red and enlarged and raw followed by desquamation. Caused by beta hemolytic strep
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Rheumatic fever |
Not an active infection . caused by cross reactive antibodies between strep and heart. Old strep antibodies get bored and attack tissues of the bodies. Endocarditis is infection of inner linings of the heart, tissue, acute glomerulonephritis and general inflammation
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Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease: Pneumonococcal pneumonia Route of transmission: Respiratory Hallmark: #2 cause of meningitis in children, fast spreading, Rust colored sputum can kill in 24 hours Vaccine: . Capsular polysaccharide vaccine |
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Enterococcus faecium and faecalis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Enterococcus faecium and faecalis Disease: UTI, endocarditis, post op infections Route of transmission: Normal flora Hallmark: Many strains VRE, Vaccine: No vaccine |
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Bacillus anthracis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Bacillus anthracis Disease: anthrax Route of transmission: spore entrance through respiratory or open wound Hallmark: Black eschars at entry site, Skin disease is easily tx, pneumonia is deadly. Vaccine: Vaccine is available, PCN drug of choice |
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B. cereus Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
B. cereus Disease: Food poisoning Route of transmission: Associated with ingestion of heated rice Hallmark: Two toxins, one heat stable and one heat labile. Vaccine: No vaccine, most illness is self limiting |
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Intoxication |
when you swallow an organism that has already started creating toxins. Diarrhea in 1-5 hours
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Infection |
swallow spores that have not produced toxin yet. The toxins are produced within your system. Diarrhea in 10-15 hours
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Clostridium tetani Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Clostridium tetani Disease: tetanus or lock jaw Route of transmission: Puncture wound Hallmark: Has nothing to do with rust or rusty nails. Organism reaches anaerobic atmosphere after wound seals. Produces neurotoxin tetanospsmin which causes paralysis initially of masseter (jaw) then convulsive contractions. Death from spasms of respiratory musculature Vaccine: Immunization by DPT, |
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Clostridium botulinum Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Clostridium botulinum Disease: botulism Route of transmission: Ingestion of toxin or bacilli Hallmark: Bulging cans you have to worry about, not the dented ones. Bulgers and flippers. Causes flaccid parlysis Vaccine: tx is antitoxin |
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Clostridium perfingens Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Clostridium perfingens Disease: Gas gangrene and food poisoning Route of transmission: wound Hallmark: Produces at least 12 toxins and tissue destroying enzymes, bacterial fermentation may cause gas pockets in tissue Vaccine: No vaccine, tx with PCNhyperbaric chamber and amputation to tx gangrene |
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Clostridium difficile Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Clostridium difficile (c-dif) Disease: Pseudomembranous Colitis (antibiotic associated diarrhea) Route of transmission: normal gut flora or fecal/oral Hallmark: common nosocomial infection Vaccine: None |
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Listeria monocytogenes Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Listeria monocytogenes Disease: Listeriosis (meningitis in neonates and immunocompromised) Route of transmission: Food borne or in utero Hallmark: To avoid always check for pasteurization. Dairy culprit, attacks fetus Vaccine:None |
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Corynebacterium diptheriae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Corynebacterium diptheriae Disease: diphtheria Route of transmission: respiratory aerosol Hallmark: Pseudomembrane , tough leathery flap of white blood cells and dead macrophages, is not phlegm. Cannot be coughed loose and may have to be removed surgically Vaccine: Part of DPT |
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Mycobaterium leprae Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Mycobacterium leprae Disease: Leprosy Route of transmission: close contact with infected Hallmark: Two forms of leprosy. Tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous Vaccine: Vaccine in trials BCG 50% effective |
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Two forms of leprosy |
tuberculoid and lepromatous
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Characteristics of tuberculoid leprosy |
loss of nerve sensation in an area surrounded with nodules. Can be detected in cool areas such as er lobes. Usually self limiting as immune system is effective
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Characteristics of lepromatous leprosy |
progressive from tuberculoid, nodules spread to all parts of the body and necrosis of tissue occurs
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disease: Route of transmission: Hallmark: Vaccine: |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disease: tuberculosis Route of transmission: Respiratory Hallmark: chronic progressing lung infection, rust colored sputum, lesions called tubercles form from dead macrophages and bacteria appear on x-ray, tubercle becomes hollow, multiple drug resistant strains. TST for screening Vaccine: BCG vaccine but not used in this country |
