Bacterial And Viral Diseases

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Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 1

found in U.R.T (in healthy individuals)

causative agent of strep-throat

if carrying strain with lysogenic bacteriophage that encodes exotoxins: responsible for toxic shock syndrome, scarlet fever,rheumatic fever

can cause systemic infections (cellulitis, necrotizing faciitis)

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

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causative agent of pneumonia

encapsulated strains are pathogenic! (polysaccharide capsule)

nonsporulating, aerotolerant gram positive cocci

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Diphtheria

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usually infects children

forms irregular rods during growth

spreads by airborne droplets

pathogenic strains lysogenized by bacteriophage B (beta): produce powerful exotoxin

tissue death, pseudomembrane appearance in throat of patient

treated with: antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin

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Pertussis (whooping cough)

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Bordetella pertussis

acute, highly infectious respiratory disease

vaccine available after birth

antibiotics+elimination by immune system

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Tuberculosis

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

transmitted by airborne droplets

cell mediated immunity-critical in preventing active disease after infection

primary infection (initial)-hypersensitizes

post primary infection(reinfection)-chronic tuberculosis, spread of lesions in lungs

Intracellular colonizer

antibiotics and isoniazid (affects mycolic acid)

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Hansen's Disease (leprosy)

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mycobacterium leprae

acid fact, waxy mycolic acid content

low in incidence

delayed hypersensitivity +invasiveness of organism

transmission by direct contact +respiratory routes

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meningitis

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inflammation of meninges (membranes that line CNS-spinal cord + brain)

can be fungal, viral, bacterial, or protist infection

fungal: eukaryotic: need different meds

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Neisseria meningitis

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bacterial meningitis

gram negative, nonsporulating, obligately aerobic, encapsulated diplococcus

treated by penicillin (incidence has decreased)

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Measles

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Rubeola

caused by paramyxovirus (- strand RNA virus)

by airborne transmission

7 day

MMR Vaccine

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Rubella

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german measles

caused by togavirus (+ strand RNA virus )

milder, less contagious than measles

MMR vaccine

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Mumps

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paramyxovirus (- strand RNA virus)

highly infectious, airborne droplets

inflammation of salivary glands

MMR vaccine

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Chicken pox

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Varicella-zoster virus (herpes virus)

systemic papular rash

highly contagious

establishes life long latent infection in nerve cells

can migrate to skin (shingles)

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Colds

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viral infection

rhinitis, nasal obstruction, water nasal discharges, and malaise (RARELY FEVER)

commonly caused by rhinovirus (+ sense ssRNA)

many diff strains: vaccine not perfect

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Influenza

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A(most important pathogen for humans),B,C

RNA virus of orthomyxovirus

targets L.R.T

fever common

ssRNA virus (segmented:8)

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Staphylococcus

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nonsporulating, gram + coccus

forms irregular clumps

result from pyogenic infection or actions of staphyloccocal super-antigen exotoxin

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Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors:

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1.leukocidin

2.hemolysin

3.coagulase

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Helicobacter pylori

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gram -, highly motile spiral shaped bacterium

gastritis, ulcers, gastric cancers

colonizes the nonacid secreting mucose of stomach and upper intestinal tract

person-to-person or eating contaminated food

(lipopolysaccharide)-gastric cancer

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Hepatitis A

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infectious hepatitis

causes mild, or (rarely) severe cases of liver disease

fecal-oral transmission/blood borne

vaccine available (only for at risk adults)

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Hepatitis B

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serum hepatitis

causes acute, often severe disease that can lead to liver failure and death

sexual transmission/ blood borne

Hep B+Hep D= helper virus

(Hep. B and Hep C are two that can lead to liver cancer)

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Hepatitis D

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defective virus

cant replicate and express a complete virus unless the cell is also affected with Hep. B

Hep. B+ Hep.D=helper virus;more virulent, can lead to liver cancers and liver failure

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Hepatitis C

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produces mild disease initially, but eventually chronic hepatitis, leads to chronic liver disease

blood borne transmission

(Hep. B and Hep C are two that can lead to liver cancer)

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Hepatitis E

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causes acute, self limiting hepatitis that varies

fecal-oral transmission

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STI (sexually transmitted infection)

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pathogens generally in genito-urinal tract

exchanged during sex

variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists

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Gonorrhea

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae

preventable, treatable STI

in females: mild symptoms

in males: painful infection of urethral canal

incidence higher than syphillis

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Syphillis

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Treponema pallidum

preventable+treatable bacterial STI

can be transmitted from woman to fetus during pregnancy (congenital syphillis)

low prevalence, obvious symptoms

primary+secondary stage: penicillin (acute )

tertiary stage

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Chlamydia trachomatis

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causes STDs

obligate intracellular parasite

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Herpes Simplex Virus 1

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infects epithelial cells around mouth and lips

causes cold sores

direct contact/saliva

lesions heal alone

rare-can affect nervous system +lead to encephalitis (inflammation of brain)

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Herpes Simplex Virus 2

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infections associated with anogenital region

painful blisters: make transmission easy

INCURABLE, drugs control infectious blister stage

through sexual contact

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

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causes different infections; some have genital warts, many asymptomatic

few progress to cervical cancer

vaccine available

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AIDS

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caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency)

retrovirus RNA (mutates a lot)

frequent for AIDS patients: kaposis sarcoma

incidence highest in 1995

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HIV 1

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retrovirus that replicates first in macrophages and T cells)

more virulent type

opportunistic infections common for patients

envelope virus

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HIV 2

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less virulent, causes milder, AIDS like disease

takes longer to progress to damage

opportunistic infections common for patients

envelope virus

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nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

HIV treatment

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AZT (azidothymidine)

lacks correct attachment site (active site)

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non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

HIV treatment

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alters conformation of the catalytic site

viral specific

Nevirapine

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protease inhibitors

HIV treatment

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cuts proteins

inhibits viral protease( prosessing of retroviral polypeptides)

saquinavir

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fusion inhibitors

HIV treatment

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blocks gp41 spike protein

virus never enters

enfuvirtide

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integrease inhibitors

HIV treatment

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target HIV integrase

interrupts HIV replication cycle

elvitegravir and raltegravir