Bacteria & Viruses

Front 1

What are archaea known as, and what are their 3 types?

Back 1

Extremophiles:

- Thermophile (heat)

- Halophile (salt)

- Methanogens (methane)

Front 2

Where do protists live?

Back 2

Moist/aquatic habitats.

Front 3

What are the photosynthesizing protists called? What are the animal like protists called?

Back 3

Algae

Protozoa (ex. amoeba)

Front 4

What are the layers of the bacteria?

Back 4

Slime layer → Cell wall → Membrane

Front 5

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

Back 5

Eukaryotic: Made of microtubules

Prokaryotic: Made of flagellin

Front 6

What is chemitaxis?

Back 6

The sensing of chemicals and subsequent moving away/towards it, executed by prokaryotes.

Front 7

Cilia in bacteria are called ____________.

Back 7

Pili/fimbriae (made of pilin).

Front 8

What is the genetic material found in bacteria?

Back 8

Circular dsDNA in nucleoid area

+ Plasmid(s)

Front 9

What are the storage "organelles" for bacteria?

Back 9

Inclusion bodies.

Front 10

What are the 3 main shapes of the bacterium?

Back 10

Coccus (sphere)

Bacillus (rod)

Spirochete (spiral)

Front 11

Gram + stains __________.

Back 11

Purple

Front 12

Gram - stains __________.

Back 12

Pink

Front 13

What is the cell wall like in Gram POS bacteria?

Back 13

Membrane : Thick peptidoglycan : Slime

Front 14

What is the cell wall like in Gram NEG bacteria?

Back 14

Membrane : Thin peptidoglycan : Outer Membrane : Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) : Capsule

Front 15

What is peptidoglycan made of?

Back 15

MurNAc (NAM) + GlcNAc (NAG) sugars

AAs off of NAM bound to eachother.

Front 16

What are the connections between NAG and NAM in peptidoglycan?

Back 16

B(1-4). Lysozyme can cleave it.

Front 17

What are the steps of gram staining?

Back 17

1. Crystal violet

2. Iodine

3. Wash

4. Alcohol (to decolour)

5. Safarin

Front 18

What is binary fission?

Back 18

Bacterial binary fission is the asexual reproductive process that bacteria use to carry out cell division. Binary fission is similar in concept to the mitosis that happens in eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals), but its purpose is different.

Front 19

Where does DNA replication happen? Are there more than one areas for this?

Back 19

Only one: origin of replication.

High AT content.

Front 20

Where is the periplasmic space in Gram NEG bacteria?

Back 20

Between membranes.

Front 21

What is the border that forms between the two new cells called?

Back 21

Septum.

Front 22

Is there the formation of a mitotic spindle in binary fission?

Back 22

No!

Front 23

Does DNA replication happen before separation during binary fission (as it does in mitosis)?

Back 23

No! At the same time.

Front 24

What are the 3 AAs found in Peptidoglycan (off NAM) that are not found in humans?

Back 24

L-Ala

D-Glu

mDap

D-Ala

D-Ala

Front 25

What are the three alternative forms of genetic recombination in bacteria?

Back 25

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

Front 26

What is conjugation?

Back 26

Transfer of a plasmid (small circle of extragenomic DNA) via a pilus.

Front 27

Plasmids that are able to integrate into the chromosome are called _____________.

Back 27

episomes.

Front 28

How does conjugation happen?

Back 28

- F+ grows sex pilus

- Endonuclease cleaves one strand of F-plasmid

- Pilus brings cells together

- F+ transfers this strand to F-

Front 29

What is a conjugative plasmid and what are its types?

Back 29

Plasmid that possesses the genes for the sex pilus.

F-plasmid: Fertility factor. ("F+" if bacterium has)

R-plasmid: Conjugative, but also donates resistance

Front 30

What is transformation?

Back 30

Incorporation of environmental DNA into the bacteria's genome. Bacteria can release their DNA via electroporation or heat shock.

Front 31

What is transduction?

Back 31

The transfer of DNA between bacteria by a viral vector. Virus can mistakenly encapsulate host DNA in its capsule, and transfer this harmless genetic material.

Front 32

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic-resistant “superbug” that can cause deadly infections in humans. What would these Gram-positive bacteria look like under a microscope?

Back 32

Purple Spheres

Front 33

ProblemMethanopyrus kandleri is an organism which lives in a hydrogen-carbon dioxide environment, and was first discovered in a hydrothermal vent where temperatures reached 230°F. What sort of organism is this?

Back 33

Archaea.

Front 34

Which of the following is NOT found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

dsDNA

Nucleolus

Back 34

Nucleolus.

Front 35

Are gram NEG or gram POS more likely to cause systemic effects, and why?

Back 35

Gram-negative bacteria are more likely to cause systemic effects because their outer membrane protects them from several antibiotics, making treatment more difficult

Front 36

Scientists have developed a dye for galactose, which turns darker shades of blue as the concentration of this monosaccharide increases (dose dependent). In an experiment using bacteria that can metabolize both lactose and glucose, researchers set up test tubes as shown in Table 1. A plus sign indicates a sugar was added to the test tube, and a minus sign indicates the sugar is absent. Assuming bacterial concentrations stay constant, which test tube will show the strongest blue color?

Back 36

- The lac operon that controls lactose digestion in prokaryotes normally operates at a very low basal level, and is upregulated by the presence of its substrate.

- Lactose is a dimer of galactose and glucose.

- The absence of glucose leads to an increase in cAMP, because now the cell must rely much more heavily on the lac operon for energy. This sets off a cascade of events that upregulate the enzymes that cleaves lactose.

- The presence of lactose and absence of glucose will lead to the most galactose and thus will dye the most strongly blue (Answer B).

Front 37

What type(s) of cells do you obtain after a F+ bacterium conjugates with a F- bacterium?

Back 37

Two F+ bacteria w/ identical plasmids, but perhaps different chromosomes.

Front 38

Where does energy production take place in bacteria that can perform aerobic metabolism?

Back 38

Plasma Membrane

- Bacteria, like eukaryotes, rely on a concentration gradient to drive an ATP synthase molecule.

- Bacteria are prokaryotes, and do not have membrane-bound organelles.

- Energy production in bacteria takes place across the plasma membrane, with the gradient between the extra- and intracellular environment providing the appropriate concentration gradient

Front 39

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative bacterium, found in the oral cavity, is negatively affected by the presence of oxygen. What term best describes this bacteria?

Back 39

Obligate anaerobe.

- Aerobes require oxygen in their environment.

- Aerotolerant anaerobes cannot use oxygen, but can tolerate it in their environment.

- Since Porphyromonas gingivalis is harmed by the presence of oxygen, it is an obligate anaerobe.

Front 40

What is most responsible for bacterial cell motility?

Back 40

Flagella

Front 41

What are the 7 criteria for life? Which do viruses pass?

Back 41

1. Living things must maintain homeostasis (Fail)

2. Living things have different levels of organization (Pass)

3. Living things reproduce (Maybe)

4. Living things grow (Fail)

5. Living things use energy (Maybe)

6. Living things respond to stimuli (Unknown)

7. Living things adapt to their environment (Pass)

Front 42

What is the protein coat in viruses called?

Back 42

Capsid. All viruses have it. Made of capsomers in icosahedral, helical or spherical shape.

Front 43

Do all viruses have an envelope?

Back 43

No, but most animal viruses do. It is a lipid bilayer taken from the host.

Front 44

Can viruses have DNA or RNA? Both?

Back 44

Either, but not both.

ssDNA

ssRNA

dsDNA

dsRNA

Front 45

The capsid + nucleic acid = ________.

Back 45

Nucleocapsid.

Front 46

What are viruses? (OIP)

Back 46

Obligate intracellular parasite.

Front 47

What is specific about a bacteriophage?

Back 47

It infects bacteria, and injects its nucleic material in by its tail integument - once viral enzymes have digested a hole in the cell wall.

It must recognize receptors on the host cell that are recognized by tail fibres.

Front 48

What are 3 ways for a virus to get inside a cell?

Back 48

1. Phage inserts genome

2. Non-enveloped virus use receptor-mediated endocytosis

3. Enveloped virus fuses w/ membrane

Front 49

What are the two possibilities of viral replication?

Back 49

Lytic!!!!!

Lysogenic.....

Front 50

T/F: A lytic infection involves the translation of the viral RNA from its own ribosomes.

Back 50

False: uses the ribosomes of the host.

Front 51

T/F: Lysogenic infections involve the incorporation of viral genomic matter into the host genome.

Back 51

True.

Front 52

What is the viral genome called when it is incorporated into the host genome?

Back 52

Provirus/Prophage

Front 53

What are retroviruses?

Back 53

Enveloped ssRNA virus.

Uses its own reverse transcriptase to make its RNA → cDNA (complementary)

Integrase clips each of the 3' ends, making them sticky, and able to integrate into the genome!

Viral mRNA is the transcribed, exists the HUMAN nucleus, and creates the proteins required to re-assemble into the retrovirus. They have an envelope.

Front 54

T/F: all RNA viruses have RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)?

Back 54

True, and this is coded in their own genome, but uses the ribosomes of the host to produce the product. Once formed, this RdRP then replicates the RNA into -RNA and again into +RNA which codes for proteins.

Front 55

How do ssDNA viruses replicate?

Back 55

ssDNA enters the nucleus of host eukaryotic cell, and DNAp makes it into a dsDNA molecule, for integration into the genome.

Front 56

What are sub-viral particles?

Back 56

Infectious agents related to viruses.

Front 57

What are viroids?

Back 57

single strand of circular RNA, which only infect plants.

Front 58

Is hepatitis D a viroids or a prion?

Back 58

Viroid.

Front 59

What are prions?

Back 59

Protein, in B-sheet conformation that are able to infect animals.

Also, they are able to replicate w/o DNA or RNA!

Front 60

A scientist is investigating a specimen in a laboratory. She is attempting to determine whether it is a virus or not. Which of the following would allow her to conclude that it is not a virus?

Small

Has protein coat

Has DNA and RNA

No organelles

Back 60

Has DNA and RNA.

Front 61

Which factor may help determine the antigenicity of a virus?

Back 61

Capsomers, as these are recognized by white blood cells.

Front 62

An antiviral drug specifically modifies viral receptors on a eukaryotic host cell. How might this affect the viral reproductive cycle?

Back 62

Prevent virus form attaching to host cell.

Front 63

Oncoviruses are a type of animal virus that can cause a neoplasm - an abnormal, often excessive, growth of tissue. Which type of virus is likely to be an oncovirus?

Back 63

Lysogenic