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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NEOPLASM |
Abnormally mass of cells resulting from poorly regulated cell differentiation |
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Tumour Formation |
Inactivation of tumour suppressors, activation of proto-oncogenes, Failure in DNA repair |
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Histologist Assessment |
Look at mitotic spindles, Differentiation, Cell Shape and Size, Polarity, Spread |
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Chemicals that can cause lung cancer |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (smoking) Asbestos |
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Chemicals that cause bladder cancer |
Beta Napthaylamine Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
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Chemicals that cause liver cancer |
Aromatic Amine and Azodye - p450 cyclooxygenase Aflotoxin B1 |
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Chemical cause of Gastric Cancer |
Preservatives: Nitrosamines and amides |
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Cancer caused by ionising radiation |
Leukaemia and solid organ metastases (Thyroid) |
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EBV |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma!? |
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Dysplasia |
Abnormal cells |
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Metaplasia |
Change in cell type (differentiation) |
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Anaplasia |
Malignant neoplasm made from undifferentiated cells |
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Metastasis |
Distant spread |
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Routes of metastases |
Blood (mainly venous), lymph, peritoneal |
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Mesethelioma |
Asbestos |
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Chemical cause of lymhoid neoplasms and leukaemua |
Direct alkylating agents (Cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil) |
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Epidermal metaplasia |
Papilloma |
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Glandular Metaplasia |
Adenoma |
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Adenocarcinoma |
Carcinoma of any glandular tissue |
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Sarcoma |
Connective tissue neoplasm |
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Leiosarcoma |
Smooth muscle neoplasm |
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Teratoma |
Can come from all 3 embryological options, often gonadal |
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Hamartoma |
Mass of mature specialised cells in the right place, but disorganised. Benign focal malformation. |
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Choristoma |
Differentiated cells in the wrong place |
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How does HPV cause cancer |
Cervical epithelial cells: HPV makes proteins E1-7, E6 and E7 cause a decrease in Rb and p53 leading to cancer |
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Cancer Grading |
TNM T - How developed is the tumour (4) N- How many nodes are involved (3) M - Has it metastasised (1) |
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Tumour Grading in breast cancer |
1) Tubular/acinar/gland change 2) Nuclear pleomorphisms 3) Mitotic activity 3-5, 6-7, 8-9 |
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Tumour Staging |
1-4: Varies in each cancer |
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Cachexia in cancer |
Catabolism, dysphagia and loss of appetite TNFalpha, IL 1 and 6 |
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Paraneoplastic Syndrome |
Tumour modifies the activity of endocrine tissue which mimics the disease |
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Dukes Staging of colorectal cancer |
A, tumour in situ B, beyond bowel wall C, local metastases D, distant metastases |
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TNM staging of colorectal cancer |
1 in situ 2 extends into muscularis propria 3 - extends into muscularis mucosa 4 - Extends into adjacent organs/penetrate the peritoneum N1 - up to 3 nodes, N2 - 4 nodes |
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Lymphoma vs Leukaemia |
Lymphoma - solid mass Leukaemia - cells in plasma/blood |
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Parenchyma |
Proliferating mass of Neoplastic Cells |
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Stroma |
Supporting connective tissue and vessels for neoplasm |
