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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why will biological washing powders not work as well in acidic or alkaline tap water?
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Enzymes do not work in extremes of pH.
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Why is the equipment used to make yoghurt sterilised?
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To prevent the growth of unwanted microbes that might be harmful.
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Why is neutralisation of acid soil important?
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Few crop plants grow well in acid soil.
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Why is lactose free milk needed?
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Some people are intolerant to lactose.
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Why do diabetics test their urine?
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To check for the presence of glucose.
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Why can bacteria exploit a large range of habitats?
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Some bacteria can make their own organic nutrients.
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Why are immobilised enzymes useful?
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The enzymes do not contaminate the mixture, they can be used in a continuous flow process, they are more stable.
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Why are frucose and glucose made from sucrose useful in the food industry?
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They are sweeter than sucrose.
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Why are enzymes cheap to use in industry?
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They don’t need high temperatures to work and this reduces fuel costs.
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Why are clinical trials carried out?
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To determine whether a new drug or treatment is safe and effective.
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Who used the first antiseptic?
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Joseph Lister.
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Which scientist highlighted the importance of earthworms in agriculture?
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Charles Darwin.
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Which enzyme breaks down sucrose?
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Invertase (sucrase).
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Which crop makes the oil that can be converted into biodiesel?
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Oil seed rape.
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Which animals cannot have ordinary milk because they cannot digest lactose?
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Cats.
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When enzymes are ‘fixed’ to small resin beads they are said to be ...?
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Immobilised.
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What would happen if biological washing powders were boiled?
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The enzymes in them would be denatured.
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What type of technique is used to check that genes have been correctly transferred in genetic engineering?
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Assaying, analysing the DNA sequence.
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What type of milk is used to make yoghurt?
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Pasteurised.
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What type of feeder is a centipede?
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Carnivore.
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What type of bacteria start the nitrogen cycle?
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Saprophytic.
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What two key factors are necessary for life in soil?
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Oxygen and water.
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What process is used to increase the alcoholic content of spirits?
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Distillation.
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What problem can sewage or fertiliser run-off cause?
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Eutrophicication.
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What part do phytoplankton play in aquatic food chains?
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They are primary producers.
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What kind of enzymes are often incorporated into glucose test sticks?
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Immobilised enzymes.
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What is the process in brewing where barley grains germinate?
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Malting.
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What is the main disadvantage of biogas compared to natural gas?
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It contains less energy.
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What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
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Antiseptics kill pathogens on living tissues and disinfectants kill pathogens on non-living surfaces.
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What is the biogas produced by small biodigesters called?
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Methane.
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What is cider traditionally made from?
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Apples.
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What is an antibiotic?
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A chemical produced by a mould (fungus) that kills bacteria and that is useful as a drug.
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What is a plasmid?
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A circular piece of DNA from a bacterium into which a useful gene can be inserted.
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What gas is produced during fermentation?
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Carbon dioxide.
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What does genetic engineering alter in an organism?
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The genetic code.
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What do seasonal variations in oceanic conditions cause?
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Algal blooms.
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What do environmental organisations fear will happen to transferred genes?
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That they will ‘escape’ into other plants eg. weeds will become weedkiller resistant.
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What did Alexander Fleming discover?
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The antibiotic penicillin.
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What causes the symptoms of many diseases?
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The toxins produced by microorganisms.
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What are the three main types of microbes?
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Bacteria, fungi and viruses.
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What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
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Bacillus (rods), coccus (spheres), spirillum (spirals).
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What are the products of this break down?
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Fructose and glucose.
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What are the main components of soil?
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Rock particles, humus, living organisms, air and water.
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What are the main barriers made by your body to prevent entry of pathogens?
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The skin acts as a barrier, mucus in the air passages trap pathogens, the blood clots and forms a scab.
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What advantages does biogas have over petrol and diesel?
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It is cleaner and is carbon neutral.
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Tuberculosis is caused by what type of organism?
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Bacteria.
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Transgenic bacteria are cultured by ...?
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Cloning.
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To burn easily biogas must contain how much methane?
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More than 50%
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The term for respiration in the absence of oxygen is ...?
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Anaerobic respiration.
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The success of genetic engineering depends on the fact that ...?
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Genes from one organism will work in another organism.
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The first stage in genetic engineering is ...?
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Identification of a desired gene in an organism.
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The final stage in yoghurt making is ...?
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Addition of colours/flavourings.
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Some chemicals like DDT cause problems because ...?
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They accumulate in living tissue.
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Safe handling of bacteria involves what technique?
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Aseptic.
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On which organisms do the nutrient cycles largely depend?
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Bacteria.
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Name two uses of genetic engineering.
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Improve crop plants, producing medicines.
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Name two types of enzymes in biological washing powders.
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Amylases, lipases, proteases.
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Name two microbes associated with food poisoning.
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E.coli, Salmonella.
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Name two foods made with the aid of bacteria.
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Yoghurt, cheese.
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Name two factors affecting plankton numbers that are subject to seasonal variation?
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Nutrients, light, temperature.
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Name two elements that are recycled.
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Carbon, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen.
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Name two crop plants that have been genetically engineered.
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Soya bean, maize, cotton.
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Name three forms of water pollution.
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Oil, PCBs, fertilisers, pesticides, detergents.
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Name the two types of worm in the soil.
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Earthworm, nematode worm.
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Name the two types of nitrifying bacteria.
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Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
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Name the key factor that has affected the variety and number of aquatic micro-organisms.
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Pollution.
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Name four ways in which pathogens can be spread.
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In the air, by touching, in food and water, by animals.
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Name an organism that lives partly in water.
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Some insects, frogs and other amphibia.
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Name a soil herbivore.
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Slug, snail, wireworm.
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Name a soil detritivore.
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Earthworm, millipede, springtail.
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Microscopic aquatic plants are called ...?
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Phytoplankton.
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Microscopic aquatic animals are called ...?
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Zooplankton.
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Methane can be produced on a large scale by the ...?
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Continuous flow method.
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Many bacteria are pathogenic, what does this term mean?
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Disease-causing.
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Malaria is caused by ...?
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A protozoan (Plasmodium).
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In the making of genetically engineered insulin which organism is used?
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Bacteria.
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In genetic engineering, what type of enzyme is used to cut open a strand of DNA?
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A restriction enzyme.
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In genetic engineering, what enzyme is used to rejoin DNA strands?
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DNA ligase.
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How have some disease microbes become resistant to antibiotics?
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As a result of a gene mutation.
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How does yeast reproduce?
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Asexually by budding.
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How does eutrophication result in the death of aquatic organisms?
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Oxygen depletion.
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How do some bacteria move?
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Using a flagellum.
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How do plankton move?
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Largely through water currents.
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How do microscopic animals like amoeba cope with osmotic changes in their environment?
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Via a contractile vacuole.
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How do earthworms improve soil fertility?
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By burying dead organic matter and aerating the soil.
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How do diabetics test their urine for glucose?
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With reagent sticks.
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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By splitting into two (binary fission).
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How can natural disasters contribute to the rapid spread of disease?
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Damage to sewage systems and water supplies, disruption to health care.
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How can bacteria be grown in large numbers?
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In a fermenter.
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How big are typical bacteria?
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A few microns (thousandths of a mm) in length.
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How are bacteria useful to gardeners?
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Making compost, recycling nutrients in the soil.
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Give two ways that disease-causing microbes can enter the body.
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Nose, mouth, skin, reproductive organs.
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Give two ways in which genetic engineering has improved crops.
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Increased yield, resistance to weedkillers, survival in poor conditions.
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Give two ways in which a bacterial cell is different from an animal cell.
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A bacterial cell has a cell wall and the genes are not inside a proper nucleus.
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Give two everyday uses of enzymes.
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Biological washing powders, food making (eg. cheese), medicinal products, flavourings in foods.
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Give three factors that plants rely on soil for.
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For anchorage, water and minerals.
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Give one advantage of using biofuels.
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An alternative to fossil fuels, less carbon dioxide produced, no particulates produced, carbon neutral.
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Give one advantage of producing and using biofuels instead of fossil fuels.
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Sustainability, conservation of resources, less contribution to greenhouse gases.
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Give one advantage of living in water.
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No dehydration problems, less variation in temperature, more support, easy disposal of waste products.
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Give a disadvantage of life in water.
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Harder to regulate water content.
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From where is methane often released as a waste product in the UK?
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Landfill sites.
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From what is rum made by fermentation and distillation?
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Cane sugar.
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For a 10°C rise in temperature the growth rate of yeast ...?
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Doubles.
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During brewing, what is the process called when the yeast is added to the wort ?
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Mashing.
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Describe one use of biogas.
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Burned to generate electricity, burned to make hot water and steam for heating, used as a fuel in buses.
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Azobacter and Clostridium are examples of ...?
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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An organism that has had new genes inserted into it is called a ...?
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Transgenic organism.
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A type of anaerobic respiration in yeast that makes alcohol.
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Fermentation.
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A big advantage of using bacteria to make insulin is ...?
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That it can be made in large quantities.
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