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109 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Why will biological washing powders not work as well in acidic or alkaline tap water?
Enzymes do not work in extremes of pH.
Why is the equipment used to make yoghurt sterilised?
To prevent the growth of unwanted microbes that might be harmful.
Why is neutralisation of acid soil important?
Few crop plants grow well in acid soil.
Why is lactose free milk needed?
Some people are intolerant to lactose.
Why do diabetics test their urine?
To check for the presence of glucose.
Why can bacteria exploit a large range of habitats?
Some bacteria can make their own organic nutrients.
Why are immobilised enzymes useful?
The enzymes do not contaminate the mixture, they can be used in a continuous flow process, they are more stable.
Why are frucose and glucose made from sucrose useful in the food industry?
They are sweeter than sucrose.
Why are enzymes cheap to use in industry?
They don’t need high temperatures to work and this reduces fuel costs.
Why are clinical trials carried out?
To determine whether a new drug or treatment is safe and effective.
Who used the first antiseptic?
Joseph Lister.
Which scientist highlighted the importance of earthworms in agriculture?
Charles Darwin.
Which enzyme breaks down sucrose?
Invertase (sucrase).
Which crop makes the oil that can be converted into biodiesel?
Oil seed rape.
Which animals cannot have ordinary milk because they cannot digest lactose?
Cats.
When enzymes are ‘fixed’ to small resin beads they are said to be ...?
Immobilised.
What would happen if biological washing powders were boiled?
The enzymes in them would be denatured.
What type of technique is used to check that genes have been correctly transferred in genetic engineering?
Assaying, analysing the DNA sequence.
What type of milk is used to make yoghurt?
Pasteurised.
What type of feeder is a centipede?
Carnivore.
What type of bacteria start the nitrogen cycle?
Saprophytic.
What two key factors are necessary for life in soil?
Oxygen and water.
What process is used to increase the alcoholic content of spirits?
Distillation.
What problem can sewage or fertiliser run-off cause?
Eutrophicication.
What part do phytoplankton play in aquatic food chains?
They are primary producers.
What kind of enzymes are often incorporated into glucose test sticks?
Immobilised enzymes.
What is the process in brewing where barley grains germinate?
Malting.
What is the main disadvantage of biogas compared to natural gas?
It contains less energy.
What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
Antiseptics kill pathogens on living tissues and disinfectants kill pathogens on non-living surfaces.
What is the biogas produced by small biodigesters called?
Methane.
What is cider traditionally made from?
Apples.
What is an antibiotic?
A chemical produced by a mould (fungus) that kills bacteria and that is useful as a drug.
What is a plasmid?
A circular piece of DNA from a bacterium into which a useful gene can be inserted.
What gas is produced during fermentation?
Carbon dioxide.
What does genetic engineering alter in an organism?
The genetic code.
What do seasonal variations in oceanic conditions cause?
Algal blooms.
What do environmental organisations fear will happen to transferred genes?
That they will ‘escape’ into other plants eg. weeds will become weedkiller resistant.
What did Alexander Fleming discover?
The antibiotic penicillin.
What causes the symptoms of many diseases?
The toxins produced by microorganisms.
What are the three main types of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi and viruses.
What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
Bacillus (rods), coccus (spheres), spirillum (spirals).
What are the products of this break down?
Fructose and glucose.
What are the main components of soil?
Rock particles, humus, living organisms, air and water.
What are the main barriers made by your body to prevent entry of pathogens?
The skin acts as a barrier, mucus in the air passages trap pathogens, the blood clots and forms a scab.
What advantages does biogas have over petrol and diesel?
It is cleaner and is carbon neutral.
Tuberculosis is caused by what type of organism?
Bacteria.
Transgenic bacteria are cultured by ...?
Cloning.
To burn easily biogas must contain how much methane?
More than 50%
The term for respiration in the absence of oxygen is ...?
Anaerobic respiration.
The success of genetic engineering depends on the fact that ...?
Genes from one organism will work in another organism.
The first stage in genetic engineering is ...?
Identification of a desired gene in an organism.
The final stage in yoghurt making is ...?
Addition of colours/flavourings.
Some chemicals like DDT cause problems because ...?
They accumulate in living tissue.
Safe handling of bacteria involves what technique?
Aseptic.
On which organisms do the nutrient cycles largely depend?
Bacteria.
Name two uses of genetic engineering.
Improve crop plants, producing medicines.
Name two types of enzymes in biological washing powders.
Amylases, lipases, proteases.
Name two microbes associated with food poisoning.
E.coli, Salmonella.
Name two foods made with the aid of bacteria.
Yoghurt, cheese.
Name two factors affecting plankton numbers that are subject to seasonal variation?
Nutrients, light, temperature.
Name two elements that are recycled.
Carbon, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen.
Name two crop plants that have been genetically engineered.
Soya bean, maize, cotton.
Name three forms of water pollution.
Oil, PCBs, fertilisers, pesticides, detergents.
Name the two types of worm in the soil.
Earthworm, nematode worm.
Name the two types of nitrifying bacteria.
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
Name the key factor that has affected the variety and number of aquatic micro-organisms.
Pollution.
Name four ways in which pathogens can be spread.
In the air, by touching, in food and water, by animals.
Name an organism that lives partly in water.
Some insects, frogs and other amphibia.
Name a soil herbivore.
Slug, snail, wireworm.
Name a soil detritivore.
Earthworm, millipede, springtail.
Microscopic aquatic plants are called ...?
Phytoplankton.
Microscopic aquatic animals are called ...?
Zooplankton.
Methane can be produced on a large scale by the ...?
Continuous flow method.
Many bacteria are pathogenic, what does this term mean?
Disease-causing.
Malaria is caused by ...?
A protozoan (Plasmodium).
In the making of genetically engineered insulin which organism is used?
Bacteria.
In genetic engineering, what type of enzyme is used to cut open a strand of DNA?
A restriction enzyme.
In genetic engineering, what enzyme is used to rejoin DNA strands?
DNA ligase.
How have some disease microbes become resistant to antibiotics?
As a result of a gene mutation.
How does yeast reproduce?
Asexually by budding.
How does eutrophication result in the death of aquatic organisms?
Oxygen depletion.
How do some bacteria move?
Using a flagellum.
How do plankton move?
Largely through water currents.
How do microscopic animals like amoeba cope with osmotic changes in their environment?
Via a contractile vacuole.
How do earthworms improve soil fertility?
By burying dead organic matter and aerating the soil.
How do diabetics test their urine for glucose?
With reagent sticks.
How do bacteria reproduce?
By splitting into two (binary fission).
How can natural disasters contribute to the rapid spread of disease?
Damage to sewage systems and water supplies, disruption to health care.
How can bacteria be grown in large numbers?
In a fermenter.
How big are typical bacteria?
A few microns (thousandths of a mm) in length.
How are bacteria useful to gardeners?
Making compost, recycling nutrients in the soil.
Give two ways that disease-causing microbes can enter the body.
Nose, mouth, skin, reproductive organs.
Give two ways in which genetic engineering has improved crops.
Increased yield, resistance to weedkillers, survival in poor conditions.
Give two ways in which a bacterial cell is different from an animal cell.
A bacterial cell has a cell wall and the genes are not inside a proper nucleus.
Give two everyday uses of enzymes.
Biological washing powders, food making (eg. cheese), medicinal products, flavourings in foods.
Give three factors that plants rely on soil for.
For anchorage, water and minerals.
Give one advantage of using biofuels.
An alternative to fossil fuels, less carbon dioxide produced, no particulates produced, carbon neutral.
Give one advantage of producing and using biofuels instead of fossil fuels.
Sustainability, conservation of resources, less contribution to greenhouse gases.
Give one advantage of living in water.
No dehydration problems, less variation in temperature, more support, easy disposal of waste products.
Give a disadvantage of life in water.
Harder to regulate water content.
From where is methane often released as a waste product in the UK?
Landfill sites.
From what is rum made by fermentation and distillation?
Cane sugar.
For a 10°C rise in temperature the growth rate of yeast ...?
Doubles.
During brewing, what is the process called when the yeast is added to the wort ?
Mashing.
Describe one use of biogas.
Burned to generate electricity, burned to make hot water and steam for heating, used as a fuel in buses.
Azobacter and Clostridium are examples of ...?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
An organism that has had new genes inserted into it is called a ...?
Transgenic organism.
A type of anaerobic respiration in yeast that makes alcohol.
Fermentation.
A big advantage of using bacteria to make insulin is ...?
That it can be made in large quantities.