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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 main functions of a skeleton?
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Support, protection and movement.
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Crabs and lobsters have what sort of skeleton?
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An exoskeleton.
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Animals that have an endoskeleton are called ...?
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Vertebrates.
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The main parts of a vertebrate skeleton are ...?
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Skull, backbone, rib-cage, limbs and limb girdles.
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These 33 bones make up the backbone.
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Vertebrae.
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These occur where two bones meet and usually allow movement.
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Joints.
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Give two examples of synovial joints.
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Hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.
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Bones are held together by these.
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Ligaments.
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Muscles are connected to bones by these.
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Tendons.
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What is the function of synovial fluid?
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Lubricates the joint making movement easy.
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This tissue acts as a shock-absorber and prevents two bones rubbing together.
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Cartilage.
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What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?
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Muscles that work in pairs like the biceps and triceps. When one contracts the other relaxes.
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A muscle is made up of hundreds of these structures that shorten when the muscle contracts.
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Muscle fibres.
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A disease that causes friction at the joints by destroyng cartilage.
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Arthritis.
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Put these sports injuries in order starting with the least serious: fracture, sprain, dislocation.
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Sprain, dislocation, fracture.
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Name an organism that has no circulatory system.
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Amoeba, flatworm.
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In a closed system blood flows in …?
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Arteries, veins and capillaries.
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A double circulatory system has …?
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Two circuits from the heart.
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What is the pulse a measure of ?
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The heart beat/muscle contraction.
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Where can the pulse be readily felt?
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Wrist, ear, temple.
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Which blood vessel supplies the heart muscle?
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Coronary artery.
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What group of cells control the heart rate?
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Pacemaker cells.
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How do these cells control the heart rate?
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By producing a small electric current.
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Name a technique used to investigate heart action.
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ECG, echocardiogram.
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Name the scientist who discovered the principles of the human circulatory system.
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William Harvey.
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The two groups of heart pacemaker cells are called the ..?.. and the ..?..
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SAN and AVN.
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Which hormone influences the heart rate?
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Adrenaline.
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A common treatment for an irregular heart rate is …?
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An artificial pacemaker.
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The two types of chamber in the heart are …?
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Atria and ventricles.
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Changes in heart rate are closely linked to …?
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Exercise.
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The liquid part of your blood is called ...?
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The plasma.
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The red pigment in red cells that carries oxygen.
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Haemoglobin.
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The two main types of white cell.
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Phagocytes and lymphocytes.
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The part of the blood responsible for forming a clot.
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The platelets.
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Name two heart conditions or diseases.
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Hole in the heart, weak valves, coronary heart disease, irregular heart beat.
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Name the four main human blood groups.
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A, B, AB, and O
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What are anti-coagulant drugs used for?
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To reduce blood clotting inside the body.
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What inherited condition causes blood clotting problems?
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Haemophilia.
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Which vitamin influences blood clotting?
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Vitamin K.
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Which common non-prescription drug can be used to control clotting?
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Aspirin.
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Name three lifestyle factors that can affect the circulatory system.
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Smoking, alcohol, diet, stress.
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Describe the shape of a red blood cell.
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A biconcave disc.
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How does the shape of a red blood cell help it to carry oxygen?
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The cells have a large surface area to volume ratio, for absorption of oxygen.
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What chemicals in red blood cells determine blood groups?
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Antibodies called agglutinins.
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What is the standard treatment for blocked coronary arteries?
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Surgery.
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These structures are found inside your thorax and are used for breathing.
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Lungs.
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This happens to air as it passes along our air passages.
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It is warmed, moistened and cleaned.
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The small air sacs that make up our lungs are called ...?
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Alveoli.
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Write down the pathway along which air passes from the larynx to the alveoli.
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Larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli.
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Which structures protect the lungs?
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The ribs and pleural membranes.
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The muscles between the ribs are called the ...?
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Intercostal muscles.
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The sheet of muscle separating the thorax from the rest of the body that is important in breathing ...?
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Diaphragm.
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What happens to gases in the alveolus?
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Oxygen diffuses through the wall of the alveolus into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the opposite direction.
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What are the symptoms of asthma?
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Inability to draw in enough breath.
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Name a respiratory disease linked with life style issues.
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Lung cancer, emphysema.
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How are fish gills adapted to efficient gas exchange?
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Rich blood supply, large surface area for gas exchange, capillaries exposed to water.
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Why are the lungs prone to infection?
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Because ‘the tubes’ are a ‘dead end’.
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What is the residual volume in the lungs?
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Air that remains in the respiratory system even after maximum expiration.
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Name a lung disorder known as an industrial disease.
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Asbestosis.
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What equipment is used to measure lung capacities?
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A spirometer.
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Excess amino acids are broken down in the liver to form urea. This is called ...?
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Deamination.
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Your kidney is made up of thousands of tiny tubes called ...?
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Nephrons.
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The main excretory products removed from your body by the kidneys.
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Urea and waste salts.
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A hormone produced by the pituitary gland in your brain that tells your kidneys to reabsorb water.
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
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How does the skin react when it is hot?
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Blood vessels at the skin surface dilate (widen) and more blood gets to the surface. Sweating increases.
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The name of the structure in a kidney machine that can separate out waste chemicals from the blood ...?
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A dialysis membrane.
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How does sweating cool the body down?
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Through evaporation of water from the skin.
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Which part of the body detects increasing carbon dioxide levels?
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The brain.
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What is the response of the body to increasing carbon dioxide levels?
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Increased rate and depth of breathing.
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How does filtration occur in the kidney?
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Under high pressure.
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What factors affect the amount of urine?
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Water intake, heat and exercise.
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The two main components of the kidney filtration unit are …?
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The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
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What type of mechanism controls ADH production?
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Negative feedback.
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Reabsorption in the kidney is described as …?
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Selective.
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As well as removing urea what else does dialysis aim to do?
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Maintain sodium and glucose levels in the plasma.
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Fertilisation refers to the fusion of …?
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A sperm and an egg.
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What occurs during the first few days of the menstrual cycle?
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The lining of the uterus breaks down and a small amount of blood and cells pass out of the vagina. This is called menstruation (a period).
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During the week or so following menstruation, what happens to the uterine wall?
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It thickens.
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Why is a thick uterine wall required?
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To provide a suitable environment for implantation of the egg.
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What is in vitro fertilisation?
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Fertilisation outside the woman’s body in a laboratory.
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Under what circumstances is surrogacy used in fertility treatment?
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Where a woman is unable to carry a developing fetus.
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What technique can be used to detect abnormalities in a fetus?
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Amniocentesis.
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What chromosomal abnormality is often detected by amniocentesis?
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Down’s syndrome.
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What gland in the brain instructs the testes and ovaries to produce the sex hormones?
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The pituitary gland.
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What is ovulation?
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The release of an egg from the ovary.
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Name three body parts that can be replaced by mechanical parts.
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Hip joint, knee joint, kidney, heart, eye lens.
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Name three body parts that can be replaced by transplant.
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Heart, lungs, kidney, bone marrow, blood, cornea.
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What problems are associated with organ donation/transplants?
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Limited supply and rejection.
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Why are immunosupressant drugs used in conjunction with transplants?
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To reduce the chances of rejection.
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Name two problems with mechanical replacement parts.
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Power supply, size, materials and body reactions.
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New cells for growth result from …?
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Mitosis.
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Animal growth occurs early in life but plants grow …?
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Continuously.
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Plant growth is from special areas called …?
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Meristems.
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In what two ways can we measure growth?
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Increase in mass or height.
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Name three factors that can affect final height and mass in humans.
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Genes, diet/exercise, hormones, health/disease.
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What is the key feature of cells produced by mitosis?
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They are all identical.
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What factors can cause height extremes in humans?
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Genes and/or hormone imbalance.
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Apart from height and mass what else is routinely measured in babies?
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Head size.
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Growth problems in children can be identified using an …?
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Average growth chart.
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Where is growth hormone produced?
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Pituitary gland.
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What structures are particularly affected by growth hormone?
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Long bones.
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What is the longest phase in human growth?
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Adulthood.
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Name two factors contributing to increased life expectancy in man.
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Less industrial disease, healthier diet and lifestyle, better medical care, better housing.
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